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Cultural Differences

• "I Know English so many, Mrs. Abbott": Reciprocal Discoveries in a Linguistically Diverse Classroom
  Describes a first-grade classroom to illustrate a classroom environment that supports second-language learners while drawing on linguistic diversity to enrich the language learning of all students. Discusses resources and routines; as well as risks and rewards both in a rich language arts curriculum as well as in the social environment.
• "I've Really Learned a Lot, But...": Cross-cultural Understanding and Teacher Education in a Racist Society
  Describes a cross-cultural course offered by the Faculty of Education at the University of Regina (Saskatchewan, Canada) to develop preservice teachers' understanding of aboriginal cultures, taking data from instructors' experiences and student narratives. The paper discusses the lack of understanding in white preservice teachers' views of self and others and the implications for teacher education in a racist society.
• "The Light in Her Eyes." An Interview with Sonia Nieto
  Presents an interview with educators' educator Sonia Nieto--an author of two important books ("The Light in Their Eyes: Creating Multicultural Learning Communities," and "Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Education"). Discusses her books, avoiding stereotypes, current issues in multicultural education, how and what is taught, exploring unconscious attitudes, and linguistic diversities.
• "The Politics of Location": Text As Opposition
  Foregrounds issues of race, ethnicity, and education, and ties together two important issues in teaching basic writing: how social and pedagogical issues in higher education shape possibilities for bicultural students' writings, and how these students can use their developing sense of literacy and their texts to explore identity. Discusses ethnographic research conducted in a writing course, focusing on texts a student wrote.
• A Call for a Multicultural Revolution. Challenges & Hopes: Multiculturalism as Revolutionary Praxis. An Interview with Peter McLaren
  Discusses Peter McLaren's theories of critical pedagogy, which is underwritten by a Marxist philosophy and a critique of global capitalism. McLaren believes that capitalist exploitation is the driving force for the institutionalized racism that is so prevalent in Western society.
• A Comparison of Family Environment Characteristics among White (Non-Hispanic), Hispanic, and African Caribbean Groups
  To investigate differences in the family environments of different cultural groups, the Family Environment Scale and a clinical interview were administered to 153 college students from White (non-Hispanic), Hispanic, and African Caribbean backgrounds. A multivariate analysis of covariance and post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between the groups on the Expressiveness, Independence, and Moral-Religious Emphasis subscales.
• A Developmental Framework for Cultural Competence Training with Children
  Presents a developmental framework for cultural competence training with children. Recommends that social workers synchronize training with children's developmental levels and cultural learning readiness in cognitive, affective, and behavioral areas.
• A Few Words about Diversity and Rigidity: One Director's Perspective. Food for Thought
  Discusses implementing multicultural curricula in early childhood settings. Maintains that early childhood educators need to accept and learn to: live with their personal biases while identifying and confronting them to teach tolerance and acceptance; customize work to staff and children in the program, and be aware of the danger of putting theories ahead of serving individual children and families.
• A Mean Wink at Authenticity: Chinese Images in Disney's "Mulan."
  Offers a critique from two Chinese educators with regard to the historical, cultural, linguistic, and artistic authenticity of Disney's animated film "Mulan." Argues that the filmmakers robbed the original story of its soul and "ran over Chinese culture with the Disney bulldozer," imposing mainstream cultural beliefs and values. (SR).
• A New Look at Corporate Diversity Training and Management: From Affirming Diversity to Affirming DiversSimilarity
  Discusses organizations shifting from affirming diversity to affirming similarity in workforce training. The DiverSimilarity principles include creativity and adversity in diversity, conformity and compatibility in similarity, diversity within diversity, similarity across diversity, and managing diversity by managing diverSimilarity.
• Acceptance and Caring Are at the Heart of Engaging Classroom Diversity
  Offers examples from Arizona and Oregon to show how rapidly changing demographics in some regions are accelerating the momentum of restructuring curriculum and assessment to accommodate multicultural students. Argues that organizations structured around the principles of collaboration and process tend to be more caring, to affirm diversity, and to be more successful in generating literacy among their multicultural students.
• Addressing Issues of Cultural Diversity in Business Communication
  Discusses several terms used to denote cultural diversity and their implications. Emphasizes the importance of intracultural variations to an understanding of multiculturalism.
• Addressing Race, Class, and Gender in Zora Neale Hurston's "Their Eyes Are Watching God": Strategies and Reflections
  Describes an educator's attempt to raise multicultural issues in the classroom through a course centered on Zora Neale Hurston's "Their Eyes Are Watching God." Maintains that educators have a responsibility to raise issues of cultural diversity in learning communities that provide ways for student to engage in thinking that expands their world views. (TB).
• Addressing the Needs of Biracial Children: An Issue for Counselors in a Multicultural School Environment
  Focuses on the school counseling concerns of biracial children and the use of developmental school counseling programs as a means of promoting positive self-awareness in biracial students. Views developmental counseling programs as a viable vehicle for promoting awareness of and respect for the many factors that differentiate one person from another.
• Adult Learning and Development: Multicultural Stories
  This book contains 28 personal stories and poems about growth and development in adulthood that were written by individuals who were purposely chosen to reflect the diversity of U.S. culture and sociocultural factors such as race and ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, and able-bodiedness that affect development in adulthood.
• African American and White Adolescents' Strategies for Managing Cultural Diversity in Predominantly White High Schools
  Examined 3 strategies used by 77 African American and 138 White high school students to manage cultural diversity: multicultural, separation, and assimilation strategies. Discusses results in relation to forces supporting adolescents' strategy development and the implications of strategy use for adjustment in predominantly white schools.
• African Literature in the Secondary English Language Arts Classroom
  Explains how a teacher's trip to Africa reinforced his commitment to a multicultural literature program. Recommends several books that might be incorporated into thematically-driven multicultural units such as "traditional tales," "rites of passage/search for identity," "cultures colliding," and "colonialism and its aftermath." (TB).
• All of Us Together Have a Story to Tell
  Outlines questions for teachers to consider when selecting books which may be challenged. Looks at two different stories of challenges to multicultural education, regarding whether an "outsider" has the right to relate the stories of another culture.
• Amish Literature for Children
  Presents an overview of children's literature about the Amish. Describes often-overlooked complexities within the Amish culture and discusses 11 books for children (and lists 14 others).
• An Alien among Us: A Diversity Game
  The game described in this booklet is designed to broaden the players' perspectives on human diversity and to help them appreciate and value people of different backgrounds. In the game, players are asked to select the best candidates for an interplanetary mission on the basis of certain characteristics.
• An Exploratory Study of Counselor Judgments in Multicultural Research
  Archival data were used to explore intake judgments made by 45 counselors about 344 African American and white clients seen at a counseling center during a 2-year period. Counselor gender was significantly associated with ratings of client severity of current condition.
• An Introduction to Multicultural Counseling
  When client and counselor are from different cultural backgrounds, they tend to view things from disparate perspectives. Though a background in multiculturalism is required for program accreditation, most existing texts limit coverage to ethnicity, without the emphasis of broad concepts such as discrimination and acculturation, or coverage of gender, sexual orientation, or aging issues.
• Anti-Bias Teaching To Address Cultural Diversity
  Multiculturalism must be integrated into classrooms and the curriculum, and it must be all-encompassing, taught through formal lessons and modeled and demonstrated at all times. Describes how teachers can create an anti-bias curriculum and promote a multicultural or anti-bias classroom.
• Arab American Students in Public Schools. ERIC Digest, Number 142
  This digest reviews ways to provide Arab Americans with a supportive school environment and all students with an accurate and unbiased education about the Middle East. The school climate will make Arab American students feel more welcome if Arab culture is included in multicultural courses and activities, and if the staff works to eliminate prejudice and discrimination.
• Arab American Students in Public Schools. ERIC Digest, Number 142
  This digest reviews ways to provide Arab Americans with a supportive school environment and all students with an accurate and unbiased education about the Middle East. The school climate will make Arab American students feel more welcome if Arab culture is included in multicultural courses and activities, and if the staff works to eliminate prejudice and discrimination.
• Are the Teachers' Manuals in Basal Readers Helpful for Discussing Race in Multicultural Stories?
  A study examined the usefulness of the instructional recommendations in basal reader program teachers' manuals for discussing race in multicultural stories. Three recently published basal reader series widely used in the Capital District of New York State were used in this analysis: Harcourt Brace (1995), Houghton Mifflin (1993), and MacMillan (1993).
• Asian, American, and Deaf: A Framework for Professionals
  Presents a multicultural framework for thinking about, assessing, and working with people with deafness from Asian and Asian Deaf backgrounds. Emphasis is placed on cultural awareness and cultural competence for professionals and on building bridges across cultural networks.
• Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication: Selected Readings
  This collection of articles, with a developmental learning focus, explores the core building blocks of intercultural communication. The articles in the collection represent the theory-into-practice school of intercultural communication.
• Being Responsive to Cultural Differences: How Teachers Learn
  This book offers suggestions for teacher educators to encourage preservice teachers to construct and expand their own skills and techniques for culturally responsive teaching. The book's 3 parts offer 12 chapters.
• Beyond an Epcot Nation: Reinventing the Multicultural for Transformative Pedagogy
  This paper critiques multiculturalism from a range of fronts and asks what underlying influence ties together its widespread criticisms. In naming this principal influence, the paper considers what new paths are possible for reinventing the multicultural in composition studies.
• Beyond Multicultural Training: Mentoring Stories from Two White American Doctoral Students
  Using a personal self-disclosing format, relates two graduate students' experiences with multicultural training. Narrates each student's story and then offers three points that expand on an article that examines multicultural training for White students in counseling psychology, such as the trainer's need to balance support and confrontation.
• Beyond the Boundaries of Tradition: Cultural Treasures in a High School Theatre Arts Program
  Argues that canonical plays must be critically engaged rather than "handed down," with students discovering much about themselves and each other through their own engagement. Describes how a high-school acting class examined the dramatic work of Latino/a playwrights for their in-class scene work, and used student experiences to create their own scenes about experiences with prejudice.
• Black English in a Place Called Waterloo
  For many black students, the school language differs significantly from the home language, but preservice education rarely examines this issue. This article examines implications for teaching children who use two different forms of language to navigate the demands of their contrasting sociolinguistic speech communities, discussing: how teacher attitudes and knowledge affect practice; dual language demands; ebonics; and language as power.
• Bookwise and Culture Smart
  A study examined whether multicultural literature used within the classroom increases respect for differences among kindergarten children. Subjects for the study were 12 students ranging in age from 5-6 years old from two classrooms.
• Breaking the Cultural Cycle: Reframing Pedagogy and Literacy in a Community Context as Intervention Measures for Aboriginal Alienation
  This paper presents an alternative view to the pedagogical needs relating to literacy for Aboriginal students. The question posed is how to utilize this knowledge to lessen the impact of perceived failure in early schooling of entrenched non-attendance patterns for Aboriginal students of compulsory school attending ages.
• Bridging Cultures in Our Schools: New Approaches That Work. Knowledge Brief
  This publication describes how teachers can begin to gain understanding of diverse students and families and their cultural values, behavioral standards, and social ideals. It presents specific examples of cross-cultural conflicts and illustrates strategies for resolving them.
• Bridging the Cultural Divide: Reflective Dialogue about Multicultural Children's Books
  Reflects candidly upon the author's commitment to multicultural education and the resistance she initially encountered from white, female preservice teachers. Relates how the author and her undergraduate students found ways to break the silence and bridge their cultural divide through the use of multicultural children's and adolescent literature, reader response journals, and dialogue.
• But That's Just Good Teaching! The Case for Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
  Describes the centrality of culturally relevant pedagogy to academic success for minority students who are poorly served in public schools, discussing linkages between school and culture, examining the theoretical grounding of culturally relevant teaching in the context of a study of successful teachers of black students. Provides examples of culturally relevant teaching practices.
• Campus Racial Climate Policies: The View from the Bottom Up
  Reviews debates over campus multicultural goals from the perspectives of university officials and 433 students. The role of campus experiences and diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds in shaping these opinions was considered.
• Career as Story: An Introduction to the Haldane Idiographic Method of Career Assessment for Multicultural Populations
  In order to take into consideration the unique experiences, background and language differences inherent among multicultural populations for the purposes of career assessment, the process must allow for the counselee to construct their own story. This paper suggests the use of Haldanes Dependable Strengths Articulation Process (DSAP) for these purposes.
• Challenges Confronting the Diversity Professor in Training Corporate America: A Matter of Theoretical or Practical Perspectives
  Diversity professionals who specialize in multiculturalism and organizational communication will embrace theories that yield a "managing diversity" approach to achieving organizational diversity. They know that the organization's culture holds the keys to the long-term success of diversity efforts.
• Challenging Old Assumptions: Preparing Teachers for Inner City Schools
  Researchers analyzed journals and essays from an elementary teacher education course, examining white prospective teachers' changing views about inner-city schools with minority children as they completed fieldwork and relevant readings. The experiences helped them question old assumptions about urban students and teaching and about the value of multicultural education.
• Challenging Students to Respond to Multicultural Issues: The Case-Study Approach
  Presents two case studies that challenge business communication and technical writing students to respond to problems that reflect a multicultural dimension and involve business people whose perspectives, values, and traditions are not Western. Includes discussion questions.
• Changing Hearts, Changing Minds: Encouraging Student Teachers to Use Multicultural Literature
  Investigates the problem of why preservice teachers are disinclined to teach noncanonical multicultural literature. Gives particular consideration to the need to help teachers develop strong rationales for teaching ethnically diverse literature that will sustain them through the resistances they will inevitably encounter to a multicultural agenda.
• Charting a Course for Research in Multicultural Counseling Training
  Presents an integrative reaction to three articles on multicultural training. Follows the narrative path set by these pieces, offers a theme analysis, and uses personal experiences to delineate 31 characteristics of positive training environments.
• Children with Special Health Care Needs and Their Families: Building on Cultural Strengths. CYDLINE Reviews.
  This annotated bibliography focuses on materials published after 1991 about cultural competence and children with special health care needs.
• Coalescing for Change: The Coalition for Education That Is Multicultural
  Describes the situational complexity of the "Coalition for Education That Is Multicultural," a teacher development group of continuous inquiry into practice by reflective practitioners interested in resistance and collective social action. Interviews with and observations of female members over six months provide information on vision, leadership, empowerment, transformation, and social action.
• Community College Humanities Review, 1999
  This special issue of the Community College Humanities Review contains articles generated by National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institutes, held over several years.
• Comparison of the Perceptions of Classroom Participation among Asian and Non-Asian Design Students
  Compared and contrasted the perceptions and expectations of instructors and Asian students studying design and compared the perceptions of Asian and non-Asian students in 2 design classes with 22 undergraduates. Asian students had more passive attitudes toward class participation than did non-Asian students.
• Computer-Mediated Communication for a Multicultural Experience
  Examines a computer-mediated communication exercise designed to foster dialog on multicultural issues and practices while simultaneously being a multicultural experience itself. Conference transcripts are analyzed, and results suggest it is difficult to break cultural myths of teaching and the ideology of professionalism embraced by preservice teachers.
• Constructing cultural difference and educational achievement in schools
  This volume presents an overview of current anthropological thinking on the education of minority students, bringing the perspectives of educational anthropology to bear on understanding minority education and resolving its inequities. At the core of the book are some papers from an invited session of the American Anthropological Association in 1985, supplemented by other discussions from the same area.
• Counseling Multiracial/Multiethnic Children
  There are two central issues that must be addressed when counseling multiracial and multiethnic children in the United States. The first is that, although the United States is fixated on race, only single-race group membership is recognized.
• Counselling Immigrants: School Contexts and Emerging Strategies
  Investigates strategies employed by Israeli secondary school counselors working with immigrant students from the former Soviet Union. Findings highlight the importance counselors attribute to the school context and its organizational culture when working with immigrants.
• Creating a Culturally Responsive Learning Environment for African American Students
  Explores how African American and white college students and faculty can develop strong identities and healthy interpersonal relationships. Encourages faculty to engage students in dialogue about multicultural issues and adapt teaching practices to create a culturally responsive learning environment for students and faculty.
• Creativity and Giftedness in Culturally Diverse Students. Perspectives on Creativity
  The 11 chapters in this text address issues concerned with identification and educational intervention with gifted students who are from culturally diverse backgrounds.
• Critical Multiculturalism and Racism in Children's Literature
  Multicultural literature can help elementary students learn about cultural differences and racial bias and examine their prejudices and stereotypes. Critiques five children's books that emphasize the African American experience.
• Cultural Concerns in Addressing Barriers to Learning: An Introductory Packet. Corp Author(s): California Univ., Los Angeles. Center for Mental Health in Schools
  This introductory packet provides information on cultural concerns that should be considered in addressing barriers to student learning.
• Cultural Diversity and the Structure and Practice of Art Education
  This monograph presents a viewpoint of the nature of art education today. To provide more perspectives on past changes that help in grasping today's circumstances, the monograph offers lectures and papers that address the changing nature of the U.S.
• Cultural Diversity, Families, and the Special Education System: Communication and Empowerment
  This monograph addresses the way parents of minority students perceive the special education system, with specific attention to these parents' views of the process by which their children are designated as "handicapped.".
• Cultural Diversity, Families, and the Special Education System: Communication and Empowerment
  This monograph addresses the way parents of minority students perceive the special education system, with specific attention to these parents' views of the process by which their children are designated as "handicapped.
• Culturally Relevant Teacher Education: A Canadian Inner-City Case
  This case study of an inner-city teacher education program in Canada documents the tensions at work on a social reconstructionist academic staff attempting to produce a culturally relevant teacher education program. Staff members acknowledge the social and educational contexts in which they work while working for the long-term interests of their students.
• Culture and Power in the Classroom: A Critical Foundation for Bicultural Education. Critical Studies in Education and Culture
  This book articulates theoretical principles from which to develop a critical practice of bicultural education. It confronts the dominant cultural values and practices that function in the schooling process to marginalize and silence the voices of African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, Native American, and other bicultural students in the United States.
• Culture and Professional Education: The Experiences of Native American Social Workers
  A qualitative survey explored the professional educational experiences of 63 Native American social workers and social work students. Most respondents identified the need for more cultural content in the curriculum, personal struggles experienced in pursuing an education grounded in Anglo cultural norms, but also available supports, especially other Native Americans.
• Culture in school learning: Revealing the deep meaning.
  From book:”Introduces pre- and in-service teachers to the centrality of culture in school learning.The book clearly targets teachers as its audience. The book emphasizes multicultural approaches to curriculum development and instructional techniques.
• Culture in school learning: Revealing the deep meaning.
  From book:”Introduces pre- and in-service teachers to the centrality of culture in school learning. Readers are engaged in a process of constructing an operational definition of culture that reveals what the author calls a ’reflective-interpretive-inquiry’ approach to making linkages between students’ cultural and experiential backgrounds and classroom instruction.”.
• Culture-Centered Counseling Skills as a Preventive Strategy for College Health Services
  Successful counseling is possible if health care providers learn to interpret behaviors within cultural context. The paper describes a culture-centered approach, using a grid that matches same/different behaviors and expectations.
• Cultures in Conflict
  The implementation of a multicultural program for African-American and Hispanic students in an urban high school is presented. Increased intergroup tensions relating them to the students' concepts of culture and race are discussed.
• Depoliticizing Multicultural Education: The Return to Normalcy in a Predominantly White High School
  Examines how teachers at a predominantly white, middle-class high school enacted multicultural education into the course, "Cultural Issues." Explores course examples which suggest that micro-political contexts of school and community-shaped curriculum and instruction are important, but in unacknowledged ways. Argues that attention must be paid to the influence of contextual norms.
• Developing a Multicultural Focus in Teacher Education: One Department's Story
  This paper describes how the University of Wisconsin-Parkside developed a multicultural emphasis in its teacher education program, noting that implementing such a focus in a school with predominantly white students and faculty members required a paradigm shift for both the program and the faculty. (SM).
• Dewey, Freire, and a Pedagogy for the Oppressor
  Asserts that cultural diversity and democracy will always be in conflict with each other, examining oppression in a democratic society; an oppressor's view of the world; a pervasive dualism in perspectives; the inadequacy of current efforts to overcome the conflict between the oppressors and the oppressed; traits of oppressors that must be changed; a three-pronged approach to consciousness raising; common themes within this approach; and underlying assumptions. (SM).
• Diversity Consciousness: Opening Our Minds to People, Cultures, and Opportunities
  This book examines the relationship between a person's success and his or her ability to understand, respect, and value diversity. It also explores how people can develop diversity consciousness.
• Diversity Education in Administrator Training: Preparation for the 21st Century
  This article investigates the impact and necessity of multicultural training in administrator-preparation programs, and the extent to which administrators can ensure that teachers honor diversity. The importance of the quality of the administrator's training is emphasized.
• Diversity, Differences and Leisure Services. Research Update
  Summarizes recent research on diversity, examining similarities and differences between diverse groups and noting the implications for recreation professionals. Presents several common principles that recreation professionals must consider in programming for diverse populations (training and education about diversity, cooperation and advocacy, social inclusion and choices, personal and psychological safety, and involving participants in planning).
• Do Social Skills Programs Accommodate Cultural Diversity? A Review of Secondary Curricula
  This review examined the extent to which commercially available social skills curricula designed for adolescent populations (including those with learning and behavior problems) accommodate cultural diversity. Introductory material discusses the need for culturally responsive teaching in social skills training.
• Do Social Skills Programs Accommodate Cultural Diversity? A Review of Secondary Curricula
  This review examined the extent to which commercially available social skills curricula designed for adolescent populations (including those with learning and behavior problems) accommodate cultural diversity. Introductory material discusses the need for culturally responsive teaching in social skills training.
• Drama Modes, Meanings, Methods and Multicultural Education
  Suggests that there is a strong affinity between multicultural and theater education. Argues that, through drama and theater, individuals can acquire a clearer visualization and deeper understanding of the topics, issues, themes, and concepts of multicultural education.
• Effective Education Social Work with Travellers Living in Houses
  Describes and analyzes education social work with Travellers (nomads), highlighting how both practical support and skilled emotional help are required. Neither practical nor emotional assistance can effectively be offered without an understanding of societal, ethnic, and cultural context.
• Emic and Etic Perspectives on Chicana and Chicano Multicultural Literature
  Outlines historical perspectives on Chicano self-definition and identity. Examines emancipation in Chicano literature, and contrasts the ideological positioning of two prominent authors deemed culturally relevant for "Hispanic" students.
• Engaging Effectively with Culturally Diverse Families and Children
  Describes a practice model that school social workers can use when helping culturally diverse families. Model emphasizes the importance of building a perspective for understanding culture and presents a framework for cross-cultural practice that includes some basic skills for effective transactions.
• Enhancing Monocultural Education Students' Multicultural Awareness through Art Experiences and Art Appreciation
  Explains how both experiential art processes and art appreciation can lead monocultural students in general education teacher training courses to a sense of their own cultural richness and that of others. By combining image making with art appreciation, education students are able to discover meaning in their own visual languages.
• Enhancing Multicultural Sensitivity through Teaching Multiculturally in Recreation. Research Update
  This paper addresses the utilization of teaching from a multicultural perspective to enhance multicultural sensitivity and awareness, discussing the inclusion of multicultural teaching in the university recreation curriculum and the delivery of leisure services. The concepts of multiculturalism are presented, explaining how to incorporate them into recreation and leisure curricula.
• Equity and Excellence: Providing Access to Gifted Education for Culturally Diverse Students
  This article maintains that the underrepresentation of diverse students in gifted education programs is due to a "deficit perspective" about culturally diverse populations. Recommendations include identifying and serving underachievers and low socioeconomic-status students, providing educators and gifted students with multicultural education, and developing home-school partnerships.
• Essentializing Dilemma and Multiculturalist Pedagogy: An Ethnographic Study of Japanese Children in a U.S. School
  Examined Japanese children's experiences at a U.S. elementary school, noting their teachers' pedagogical responses.
• Ethnocentrism and Black Students with Disabilities: Bridging the Cultural Gap, Volume I
  This book investigates the educational methods, achievements, and teacher expectations among black and white students with disabilities. It finds that poverty, racism, cultural differences between blacks and whites, and inferior socioeconomic conditions are the main causal factors that result in black children being "labeled" as exceptional and placed in special education classes at an alarmingly disproportionate rate.
• Examining the Relationship among Opportunity, Inclusion, and Choice
  Describes the multicultural language practices used at Western Hills Elementary School in Denver, Colorado. Discusses social and cultural dimensions of learning and their relationships to second language acquisition.
• Exploring Linguistic Diversity through World Englishes
  Presents the rationale and basic concepts for teaching about World Englishes. Describes a sample instructional unit based on the pilot project the authors conducted in a public high school in North Carolina, in which they provided instruction in linguistic diversity once a week for seven weeks.
• Facets Non-Violent, Non-Sexist Children's Video Guide
  Helping parents, teachers, and librarians choose the best non-violent, non-sexist videos for children, this book presents brief descriptions of more than 800 videos (for children up to 12 years old) that were selected (out of more than 2500 screened) for their life-affirming content, cultural diversity, and lack of violence and sexism.
• Finding a Voice for the Victimized
  Examines writers' growing awareness of the voices if the victims, exploring the representation of characters who resist subjugating colonial powers and tracing how various past and present authors have represented colonized peoples. By refocusing postmodern readers' consciousness on the violation of rights, authors reeducate and sensitize them to the contrasting voices that speak out against the persecution of those who are different.
• Finding a Voice for the Victimized
  Examines writers' growing awareness of the voices if the victims, exploring the representation of characters who resist subjugating colonial powers and tracing how various past and present authors have represented colonized peoples. By refocusing postmodern readers' consciousness on the violation of rights, authors reeducate and sensitize them to the contrasting voices that speak out against the persecution of those who are different.
• Finding Ways In: Redefining Multicultural Literature
  Describes an experience during classroom discussion of Alice Walker's "Roselily" that led a teacher to revise her understanding of multiculturalism. Defines three problematic yet popular approaches to understanding the differences in culture in the United States and then presents a fourth approach that encourages students to see themselves and others as representing many cultures individually and collectively.
• Five Reviews of McLaren's "Revolutionary Multiculturalism"
  Presents five reviews of McLaren's 1997 book, with comments on critical pedagogy, multicultural education, capitalism, social justice, and remarks about student responses to "Revolutionary Multiculturalism." (SLD).
• Four Approaches to Cultural Diversity: Implications for Teaching at Institutions of Higher Education
  Identifies four approaches to cultural diversity that professors at institutions of higher education may take. These are neutrality, similarity, diversity, and diversimilarity.
• Good News and Bad News: A Comparison of Teacher Educators' and Preservice Teachers' Beliefs about Diversity Issues
  This study examined teacher educators' and student teachers' beliefs about, attitudes toward, and sensitivity regarding cultural diversity and other diversity issues. The Beliefs about Diversity Scale was used to assess respondents' beliefs about race, gender, social class, ability, language/immigration, sexual orientation, and multicultural education.
• Grade One and Growing: A Comprehensive Instructional Resource Guide for Teachers. Pilot Edition.
  The first-grade multicultural curriculum in this guide is designed to enable teachers to create learning environments that will enable all children to develop nondiscriminatory behavior, form positive self-concepts, respect diversity of cultures, conserve the environment, foster a life-long desire for learning, and begin developing the necessary skills for school success.
• How Will Diversity Affect Literacy in the Next Millennium?
  Presents four brief essays discussing how diversity will affect literacy in the next millennium. Notes competing goals and practices in education that will shape what happens in the next 25 years; discusses tensions in teaching and learning that accompany diversity and literacy; discusses the role of literacy researchers; and offers anecdotes highlighting critical questions regarding diversity and literacy.
• Implications and Strategies in Collection Development for Multicultural Education at Tennessee State University
  This document profiles the role of Tennessee State University's Brown-Daniel Library in its collection development activities for a culturally diverse student body. It recommends that a series of goals and objectives be maintained in the selection criteria of library materials for students having diverse backgrounds.
• Improving Minority Student Success: Crossing Boundaries and Making Connections between Theory, Research, and Academic Planning
  This paper reports how multi-institutional, theoretical research influenced the design and development of intervention programs at a large, predominantly African-American community college.
• Improving Upper Grade Math Achievement via the Integration of a Culturally Responsive Curriculum
  This report describes an intervention program for increasing mathematical achievement of African American students. Within the targeted population, it was evident that the disparity in math achievement between African American and White students was increasing each year.
• In Search of Wholeness: African American Teachers and Their Culturally Specific Classroom Practices
  This collection of essays is a theoretical and practice-oriented treatment of how culture and race influence African American teachers. After an introduction, "The Common Experience" (Jacqueline Jordan Irvine), there are eight chapters in two parts.
• In Search of Wholeness: African American Teachers and Their Culturally Specific Classroom Practices
  This collection of essays is a theoretical and practice-oriented treatment of how culture and race influence African American teachers.
• Including Gypsy Travellers in Education
  Examined the educational exclusion and inclusion of Gypsy Traveller students, exploring how some Scottish schools responded to Traveller student culture and how this led to exclusion. Interviews with school staff, Traveller students, and parents indicated that continuing prejudice and harassment promoted inappropriate school placement and persecution.
• Infusing Multicultural Content into the Curriculum for Gifted Students. ERIC Digest #E601
  This brief paper offers an overview of strategies, with practical examples, to infuse multicultural content into the curriculum for gifted students. It proposes a framework for multicultural gifted education based on the four levels or approaches of J.
• Integrating Nonminority Instructors into the Minority Environment
  Examines the factors facilitating the effectiveness of nonminority faculty members at institutions with a predominantly minority student body. Concludes that self-awareness of one's racial identity and how it informs one's expectations about learning styles and appropriate classroom behavior is vital.
• Internationalizing the Public Relations Curriculum
  Discusses broadening public relations to an international level by incorporating the topics of culture, international practices, and culturally sensitive theory development. Discusses rationale, design, and execution of an undergraduate course in international public relations.
• Inventing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Two Fourth/Fifth-Grade Combination Classrooms: Diversity and Diglossia among Black English Speakers
  When educators lack the knowledge, understanding and acceptance of their students' language and culture, especially when it differs from their own, a huge mismatch can and often does occur between school and home. This qualitative study examines the socio-cultural context of language, diglossia, and diversity in two fourth/fifth grade, predominantly African American classrooms in Waterloo, Iowa.
• Issues in Mathematics Education with African American Students
  To teach mathematics successfully to African Americans, there must be modification of what math is as a knowledge. Recently, a framework was composed which delineated four disparate dimensions of math as a type of knowledge and how assessment varies as a result of the definitions.
• Issues in Shared Schools in Mixed Aboriginal & Non-Aboriginal School Systems
  Canada's public schools are essential public goods resources. For children to benefit, parents cooperate in efforts to support and enhance their children's education.
• Joining the Dialogue: Six Teachers Discuss Making Changes toward a Multicultural Curriculum (Rainbow Teachers/Rainbow Students)
  Presents six brief articles by six Arizona teachers offering their reflections about practices, strategies, and vision as they make changes toward a multicultural curriculum. (SR).
• Journal of the Pennsylvania Counseling Association, 2000-2001
  These two journal issues are dedicated to the study and development of the counseling profession. The journal's emphasis on multiculturalism is evident in the article selected for this volume.
• Learning across Cultures: Appropriateness of Knowledge Transfer
  Focuses on transfer of cognitions, motivations, and dispositions related to learning across different cultural-educational contexts, illustrating the discussion with research on learners of Confucian heritage from Singapore and Hong Kong studying in their own countries and in Australia. Discusses implications for educational practice in a multlcultural context.
• Learning to Create Ad Strategies for "Different" Target Audiences
  Describes a focus group exercise used with advertising creative- and strategy-development students that was designed to cultivate awareness of the ethnic consumers' purchase-decision process. Offers an overview of the project's stages, describes the assignment, and notes that members of the original-product focus group also reviewed students' creative solutions and provided feedback.
• Lernen durch Kulturkontakt. Eine Prozebanalyse der Akkulturation deutscher Studienreferendare in multikulturellen Klassen (Learning through Cultural Contact. A Process Analysis of the Acculturation of German Beginning Teachers in Multicultural Classes
  Offers a qualitative, longitudinal study that focuses on individual changes in novice teachers triggered by continuous contact with students of another cultural background in multicultural schools. Reveals clear differences in the acculturation processes.
• Links between Family Life and Minority Student Achievement: Removing the Blinders
  Contends that a range of theories exists in the social science literature about the effects of family processes on the social and academic success of a family's offspring. Identifies major theoretical perspectives that have dominated the literature on families and minority student achievement.
• Links between Family Life and Minority Student Achievement: Removing the Blinders
  The article contends that a range of theories exists in the social science literature about the effects of family processes on the social and academic success of a family's offspring.
• Listening to Their Voices Connect Literary and Cultural Understandings: Responses to Small Group Read-Alouds of "Malcolm X: A Fire Burning Brightly."
  Explores the kinds of literary understandings that become evident in African American second graders' unprompted oral and physical responses to "Malcolm X" and the cultural resources that children draw as they demonstrate these literary understandings. Concludes that discussion of multicultural literature can prompt the construction of complex literary understandings.
• Literacy, Dialogue, and Difference in the "Electronic Contact Zone."
  Discusses a first-year writing class composed of both Hispanic-American and Anglo students, arguing that rather than regarding online conflicts between students as mere "flaming," such conflicts can be seen as a way of helping students develop as literate citizens more aware of difference. (SR).
• Making Connections
  Discusses ways to overcome seventh and eight graders' negative feelings of diversity in the context of a study of the Holocaust. Describes the use of poetry, music and lyrics, and memoirs and novels that reflect a wide range of viewpoints to help students feel more connected to their own world.
• Making Multicultural Education Effective for Everyone
  Responds and elaborates on an article on preparing Anglo graduate students for the journey toward a multicultural perspective. Affirms assertions for a balanced support-challenge model in multicultural training, for the usefulness of self-disclosure in these courses, and for articulation of the rewards of becoming a multiculturalist.
• Making Space: Merging Theory and Practice in Adult Education
  This book represents the beginning dialogue and critique of social, political, economic, and historical forms of hegemony operating in the adult education field.
• Management Strategies for Culturally Diverse Classrooms. Fastback 396
  What teachers consider to be "discipline problems" are determined by their own culture, and filtered through personal values and teaching styles. Therefore, to manage diverse classrooms effectively, it is essential for teachers to understand what constitutes good classroom discipline within the context of cultural diversity.
• Matters of Size: Obesity as a Diversity Issue in the Field of Early Childhood
  Notes that obesity is the primary reason for peer rejection in America; examines effects of obesity on wellness, self-esteem, peer relationships, and social status of children/families and early childhood teachers. Suggests that early childhood educators: (1) educate all stakeholders about nutrition and body size issues; (2) speak out against teasing and bullying; and (3) establish policies promoting healthful eating habits.
• Melting Pot to Tossed Salad
  Encourages teachers to interact with students and students to interact with each other to facilitate cultural awareness and respect for differences. Proposes a number of classroom activities, such as "how to" presentations, studies of cultural folklore, and a puppet show.
• Mental Health Counselors as Consultants for Diversity Training
  Argues that mental health counselors need to devote more attention to minority group issues. In light of a society that is rapidly becoming even more diverse in its make-up, a rationale and specific techniques enabling a mental health counselor to serve in the capacity of a consultant are presented.
• Mixing It Up: Multicultural Support and the Learning Center
  Reports on Macalester College's (Minnesota) Learning Center peer-mentoring, speaker, and workshop programs, which were designed to focus on anti-racism activism and reorganization of multicultural affairs. Analyzes ambiguity of terms "racism" and "multiculturalism" and argues that a systematic approach is necessary to move toward realizing the vision of a vibrant multicultural and multiracial learning community.
• Moving Marginalized Students Inside the Lines: Cultural Differences in Classrooms
  Discusses what the author has learned in her job at an elementary school in Northeast Mississippi as liaison between English-speaking school personnel and Spanish-speaking students and parents, most of whom are recent immigrants from Mexico. Discusses what the author learned, through extensive talking and questioning of students and parents, about how cultural differences affect classroom activities and interaction.
• Multicultural Aspects in the Education of Children and Youth with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities: Introduction to the Special Issue
  This introductory article discusses cultural considerations in the design and delivery of services to families whose children have a moderate to severe disability. It calls attention to the lack of consideration of culturally and linguistically diverse families in the current research and summarizes the following articles.
• Multicultural Education in Teacher Training (Curriculum Guide for Universities)
  The Slovak society is in the process of transformation. The main direction of transformation is political, from the totalitarian to the democratic society.
• Multicultural Education: Common Problems Experienced by Various Cultures
  The United States today is a pluralistic society, and a multicultural curriculum is a necessary component of the overall school curriculum. Multicultural education should address the culturally and the linguistically diverse student.
• Multicultural Education: Strategies for Implementation in Colleges and Universities. Volume 4
  The 21 essays of this book discuss strategies for implementing multicultural education at the higher education level, especially in Illinois.
• Multicultural Is Who We Are: Literature as a Reflection of Ourselves
  This article discusses multicultural children's literature, the need for teachers to include multicultural children's literature in their teaching, how teachers can encourage pluralism, and evaluating and selecting multicultural literature titles. A selection of 17 multicultural books for use in the classroom is provided.
• Multicultural Issues and Attention Deficit Disorders
  Current inadequacies in addressing the instructional needs of multicultural students with attention deficit disorder (ADD) are discussed, along with language and learning style issues. Approaches for instruction and evaluation of students are suggested that take into account diverse learning styles.
• Multicultural Picture Books: Perspectives from Canada
  Conveys that multicultural children's literature can support and encourage tolerance and understanding among children. Presents information about multiculturalism in Canada and gives criteria to help teachers select multicultural literature.
• Multiculturalism and Diversity in Drama/Theatre Education: A Preconference
  Describes how the 1998 Multiculturalism and Diversity in Drama/Theatre Education: A Preconference came about, and briefly describes its activities and success. Offers ideas for future activities, and reminds readers of the critical necessity for action around issues of multiculturalism and diversity that transforms dreams into reality.
• Multiculturalism and Schools: The Struggle toward Open-Mindedness
  To counter the backlash against multiculturalism, educators must create a social environment for learning that encompasses respect, civility, integrity, and care. They should take into account the increasingly complex understanding of what common culture is and how it evolved.
• Multiple Cultures, Multiple Literacies
  Describes the author's work in his fifth-grade class as he helps his students understand the importance that culture plays in their representations of meaning. Shows how opportunities to transcend language by using other sign systems allow multiculturalism to flourish.
• Multiple Definitions of Multicultural Literature: Is the Debate Really Just "Ivory Tower" Bickering?
  Argues that controversy over the definition of multicultural literature is focused on how many cultures should be covered. Identifies and discusses three key definitions that raise fundamental sociopolitical issues and have differing implications for how multicultural literature is incorporated into the curriculum.
• Nations Within. American Indian Scholar Karen Gayton Swisher Envisions Effective Education for All Indian Children
  An interview with American Indian educator Karen Gayton Swisher explores the learning styles of American Indian children and the application of ideas about these learning styles in the programs at Haskell Indian Nations University. Native American children should be taught from a constructivist, rather than a deficit, point of view.
• Of Kwanzaa, Cinco de Mayo, and Whispering: The Need for Intercultural Education
  Multicultural education can improve understandings among students of different ethnic groups only if it is implemented systematically. Research with 75 adolescent mothers in an inner-city California high school shows how the celebration of Kwanzaa leads to exclusion and isolation and the speaking of Spanish results in conflict and resentments.
• Opening the Dialogue: Using Culture as a Tool in Teaching Young African American Children
  Relates how the author, a White teacher, discovered how to teach her African American students by learning to understand their culture. Discusses how she became aware of the cultural discontinuity in her classroom, and began a dialog with African-American friends, fellow teachers, children, parents, and multicultural literature to change her style of teaching to meet her students' needs.
• Organizational Culture and Its Impact on African American Teachers
  Studied how the organizational culture of schools and the cultural values of African American teachers affect the professional experience of these teachers in schools where they are in the minority. Results for seven teachers show that the majority established the work norms, resulting in a uniformity of rules and regulations with which people of color were expected to comply.
• Other people's children: Cultural conflict in the classroom.
  This collection of nine essays suggests that many academic problems attributed to children of color actually stem from a power structure in which the worldviews of those with privilege are taken as the only reality, while the worldviews and culture of those less powerful are dismissed as inconsequential or deficient.
• Parenting and Children’s School Achievement: A Multiethnic Perspective
  This study is an examination of the relations between parenting and the school performance of fourth- and fifth-grade children in Asian-American, Latino, and European-American families. Five aspects of parenting were studied: (a) expectations for children’s educational attainment, (b) grade expectations, (c) basic childrearing beliefs (i.e., development of autonomy, development of conformity to external standards, and importance of monitoring children’s activities), (d) self-reported behaviors (i.e., creating an academically enriching environment and helping with homework), and (e) perceptions of parental efficacy.
• Parenting and Children’s School Achievement: A Multiethnic Perspective
  This study is an examination of the relations between parenting and the school performance of fourth- and fifth-grade children in Asian-American, Latino, and European-American families.
• Pathways to Teacher Learning in Multicultural Contexts: A Longitudinal Case Study of Two Novice Bilingual Teachers in Urban Schools
  This longitudinal case study focused on the learning trajectories of two novice bilingual education teachers in urban schools. Changes in and relationships between these teachers’ knowledge, beliefs, and interactive thinking about teaching culturally diverse learners were traced.
• Pedagogy, Politics, and Schools: Films about Social Justice in Education
  Reviews six films about issues related to multicultural and social justice education in the United States: "It's Elementary: Talking about Gay Issues in School"; "Starting Small: Teaching Children Tolerance"; "In Whole Honor?"; "Children Talk about AIDS"; "Fear and Learning at Hoover Elementary"; and "'Good Morning Miss Toliver.'" (SM).
• Placing "Diverse Voices" at the Center of Teacher Education A Pre-Service Teacher's Conception of "Educacion" and Appeal to Caring
  Presents a case study of the way in which one preservice male teacher of color constructed his drama work with culturally diverse elementary school children. Identifies three key dimensions in his perspective on teaching that center around being a caring teacher who knows his students, balances motivation and discipline, and implements a "real" curriculum in a culturally affirming classroom environment.
• Prejudice and Behavioral Archetypes: A New Model for Cultural-Diversity Training
  Presents a new model to help corporate cultural diversity trainers help training participants become better and more effective "citizens" in their increasingly diverse corporate cultures. Discusses why some organizational acts and actors are seen as offensive whereas others are not.
• Preparing Anglos for the Challenges and Joys of Multiculturalism
  Discusses the multicultural training process with Anglo trainees as it relates to supportively assisting Anglos with the difficult task of confronting White racism, teaching Anglos to respond empathetically to challenges from ethnic-minority colleagues and clients, and introducing Anglos to the joys inherent in multicultural counseling. (RJM).
• Preparing Special Educators To Meet the Needs of Students Who Are Learning English as a Second Language and Are Visually Impaired: A Monograph
  This monograph describes a personnel preparation program that prepared 32 Colorado special education graduates to meet the needs of students who are learning English as a second language and are visually impaired. Graduates took a course that was specially designed to expose students to relevant literature on federal mandates for the education of students from linguistically diverse communities, teaching methodology appropriate for students with limited proficiency and academic achievement, working with families from diverse cultures, using translators, and the teaching of the Spanish braille code.
• Preparing Special Educators To Meet the Needs of Students Who Are Learning English as a Second Language and Are Visually Impaired: A Monograph
  This monograph describes a personnel preparation program that prepared 32 Colorado special education graduates to meet the needs of students who are learning English as a second language and are visually impaired.
• Preparing Students for Success in a Multicultural World: Faculty Advisement and Intercultural Communication
  Summarizes key findings from counseling, advisement, and intercultural communication literature that are associated with multicultural competence, including the academic and modeling role of the advisor. Offers a conceptual framework of standards for developing multicultural communication advisement competence.
• Preparing Teachers for Diverse Classrooms: A Report on an Action Research Project
  This paper reports on a collaborative effort to achieve the following objectives: (1) identify attitudes, knowledge, and skills teachers need to educate effectively all students in a culturally diverse classroom; (2) develop models of preservice and inservice education that will provide education and socialization necessary for effective education of multicultural student populations; and (3) identify the systemic issues that must be addressed to implement the models successfully.
• Preparing Teachers for Diversity in Rural America
  A survey of 532 preservice teachers from six state colleges and University of Nebraska campuses examined the extent and perceived adequacy of multicultural education training in Nebraska teacher-preparation programs. About 39% of respondents felt that their overall multicultural preparation was inadequate.
• Preparing Teachers for Diversity: A Dilemma of Quality and Quantity. Teaching and California's Future
  This report explores the absence in educational reform of attention to preparing teachers to work with culturally and linguistically diverse students.
• Preparing the Way for Student Cognitive Development
  Discusses challenges teachers face with the growing diversity in student populations, examining how teachers can help facilitate diverse students' cognitive development. Examines: stages of cognitive development, multiculturalism, helping students move from one developmental level to another, cultural socialization, field dependence and independence, the Toulmin Model for fostering student cognitive development, cognitive flexibility theory, and knowing students' skill levels.
• Preservice Teachers Integrate Understandings of Diversity Into Literacy Instruction: An Adaptation of the ABC's Model
  Investigated preservice teachers' understandings of their own and their students' cultural backgrounds, examining how they integrated those understandings into literacy instruction. The ABC model (autobiographies, biographies of students, cross-cultural analysis, analysis of cultural differences, and classroom practices) helped stimulate students to continue examining their lives, their cultural/linguistic backgrounds, and the impact of those factors on teaching diverse students.
• Prologue: Toward an Understanding of Literacy Issues in Multicultural School-Age Populations
  This article introduces a forum that explores issues surrounding literacy in multicultural school-age populations. It discusses sociocultural factors that overshadow traditional literacy-learning objectives, the relationship between low socioeconomic status and low literacy, environmental influences that affect literacy, and culturally biased assessments that challenge educators to find reliable alternative assessments.
• Promoting Multicultural Awareness through Dramatic Play Centers
  Although many teachers acknowledge that language and culture are critical components of children's development, actually incorporating materials representative of children's cultures remains a problem. This article explains how the dramatic play center is a natural place to promote multicultural awareness in the classroom and offers suggestions for materials and activities.
• Promoting Multiculturalism in Developmental Education
  Asserts that the teaching profession needs to recognize the natural connections between multicultural and developmental education. Presents eight steps developmental educators can take to promote pluralism, including (1) establishing a clear link between cultural pluralism and institutional and programmatic mission and goals; (2) striving for diversity at all levels; and (3) embedding multiculturalism in the curriculum.
• Race, Class, and Gender Considerations in Nursing Education
  The curriculum revolution in nursing education is a direct result of outdated modes of teaching and learning that fail to prepare students for nursing in a diverse society. Little dialog is occurring on the topic of the inclusion of multiculturalism into the curriculum.
• Reading and the Native American Learner. Research Report
  Intended as a resource for mainstream teachers, this document summarizes current research on effective ways for teachers to meet the educational needs of American Indian students in public schools. The first section discusses the history of U.S.
• Reading Enhancement for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children through Multicultural Empowerment
  Considers how learning to read can be difficult for Deaf students, but the task is even harder for Deaf minority students. Explores strategies to inspire an interest in reading and multicultural acceptance for Deaf and hearing students alike.
• Redirecting Our Voyage through History: A Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks
  Examines the extent to which social studies textbooks include diverse perspectives on U.S. history through a content analysis of the treatment of slavery in 17 5th-grade texts in Connecticut.
• Reexamining the Issue of Authenticity in Picture Books
  Examines picture books portraying Asian societies as a means to discuss the criteria of authenticity (not simply nonstereotypes) in both the literature and artwork of picture books. Discusses authenticity and cultural acceptance in terms of both story selection and adaptation, authenticity and cultural conventions (in terms of value implications), and authenticity in artwork.
• Reflections on the Challenges, Possibilities, and Perplexities of Preparing Preservice Teachers for Culturally Diverse Classrooms
  Describes one professor's personal struggle and growth in facing the challenges and perplexities of planning and developing strategies to initiate the critical process of teaching multicultural concepts to teacher education students early in their education by providing them field experiences in urban schools. Student attitudes and attitude changes are discussed.
• Refocusing the Lens: A Closer Look at Universities in the New Millennium
  Discusses the need to modify higher education's European-oriented curriculum and culture to become more inclusive of other cultures and languages and to refuse to comply with the status quo, noting that in the coming years, present-day minorities will become the majority. Higher education institutions must regard diversity as an asset and multicultural/multilingual universities as centers of opportunity.
• Reform in Teacher Education through the CLAD/BCLAD Policy
  Analyzes obstacles facing multicultural/bilingual teacher education reform in the context of California's Crosscultural Language and Academic Development (CLAD) or Bilingual Crosscultural Language and Academic Development (BCLAD) programs, which try to translate theoretical frameworks concerned with cultural difference into credentialing policy. This reform effort champions linguistic and cultural diversity but faces formidable obstacles.
• Refugee Pupils: A Headteacher's Perspective
  Although challenges faced by refugee children in English schools are those faced by all students, theirs are exacerbated by their refugee status. Particular problems are those of student migration, language, culture, home and school relationships, the pastoral aspect of school care, and the need for time to deal with the child as an individual.
• Report on the Status of Implementation of Education That Is Multicultural in Maryland. Corp Author(s): Maryland State Board of Education, Baltimore
  This report tracks the 1997-98 state and local progress in implementing Maryland Education That Is Multicultural (ETM) Regulations adopted by the Maryland State Board of Education (MSDE) in 1994.
• Resolving Conflict Creatively in the Multicultural Community: Inter-Cultural Mediation. [Videotape.]
  Students encounter numerous volatile situations throughout their school days, especially during times of increasing diversity. "Inter-Cultural Mediation" is a single half hour video that includes a teacher's manual and student handouts.
• Respect in the Classroom: Reflections of a Mexican-American Educator
  Praises the rare teacher who respected his native culture when growing up. Deplores negative attitudes of some future second-language teachers toward Mexican-American culture.
• Rethinking Education: Strategies for Preparing Educators To Teach in a Multicultural Society
  Considers how institutions of higher learning can plan for change to prepare teachers for teaching in an increasingly multicultural society. Discusses empirical-rational, power-coercive, and normative-re-educative strategies.
• Rethinking Preservice and Inservice Training Programs for Teachers in the Learning Disabilities Field: Workable Multicultural Models. Special Issue
  This paper discusses the need to rethink preservice and inservice training programs for general and special educators who teach culturally diverse students with learning disabilities. An overview identifies problems associated with traditional preservice and inservice training programs, such as Eurocentric teacher education programs and low teacher expectations of minority students.
• Rethinking Preservice Preparation for Teachers in the Learning Disabilities Field: Workable Multicultural Strategies
  Discusses problems and controversies associated with preservice teacher education curricular reform, teacher preparation programs and the learning disabilities field, and restructuring teacher preparation programs to prepare teachers to work with culturally diverse students with learning disabilities. Recruitment and retention of culturally diverse students and personnel is emphasized.
• Rethinking Preservice Preparation for Teachers in the Learning Disabilities Field: Workable Multicultural Strategies
  Discusses problems and controversies associated with preservice teacher education curricular reform, teacher preparation programs and the learning disabilities field, and restructuring teacher preparation programs to prepare teachers to work with culturally diverse students with learning disabilities. Recruitment and retention of culturally diverse students and personnel is emphasized.
• Rethinking Racism and Assimilation
  Assimilation and multiculturalism are seen as two opposing ideas. A balance between cultural similarities and differences is needed.
• Saris & Skirts: Gender Equity and Multiculturalism
  The booklet discusses about enormous potential the staff members working in early childhood services have to influence young children's developing attitudes toward cultural diversity and gender equity.
• Science Learning for ALL: Celebrating Cultural Diversity. An NSTA Press Journals Collection
  This publication includes 17 of the best articles from recent additions of The Science Teacher, the National Science Teachers Association's (NSTA) journal for secondary educators. The articles are written by science educators who offer ideas and strategies for bringing multicultural education into the classroom and providing opportunities for all students to learn science.
• Selecting Computer Programs and Interactive Multimedia for Culturally Diverse Students: Promising Practices
  Discusses issues in selecting computer programs and interactive multimedia for culturally diverse students, including the necessity of including diverse cultural referents and acknowledging the cognitive style of students who will be using the programs. (SLD).
• Small-Town College to Big-City School: Preparing Urban Teachers from Liberal Arts Colleges
  Describes a model program to prepare teachers from midwestern liberal arts colleges for urban teaching careers. Student teachers come to Chicago and live together, student teaching in local urban schools and completing regular professional development and cultural diversity activities.
• Sociocultural Factors Affecting School Culture for African American Students: A Case Study
  The case study of an all-male Catholic college preparatory school illustrates that, although the school appears to be a model school, African American students do not feel connected to the school community or culture, and many experience alienation, frustration, and racial prejudice at the school. Initial interview questions were pretested with 10 students, and then surveys of 66 members of the larger student population and 10 faculty members were conducted.
• Spear Fishing in Wisconsin: Multicultural Education as Symbolic Violence
  Describes how multicultural teacher education can preserve familiar institutional and ideological mechanisms that validate social inequalities, analyzing student discourse collected during activities concerning recent conflict between Native American groups and groups opposed to the exercise of their treaty rights to fish on nonreservation lakes. Discusses differences between positions taken by state university students and liberal arts college students.
• Special Education in Multicultural Contexts
  This book examines the impact of cultural and linguistic diversity on the learning of children with disabilities and giftedness, and explores multicultural education and the ways that multicultural perspectives can be taught to children with disabilities.
• Storytelling for Young Children in a Multicultural World
  Advocates storytelling as a powerful resource to promote an understanding of racial and ethnic diversity. Addresses issues of selection criteria including elements of character development, prejudice reduction, authority and authorship, and language.
• Swimming Against the Tide: A Study of Prospective Teachers' Attitudes Regarding Cultural Diversity and Urban Teaching
  Assessed 300 prospective teachers to determine their attitudes and beliefs concerning cultural diversity. Results show additional emphasis on multicultural education is needed in teacher education, and a variety of experiences are needed to bring preservice teachers into contact with cultural groups different from their own.
• Teacher Thinking in Cultural Contexts. SUNY Series, The Social Context of Education
  This collection sheds light on current research on teacher thinking in cultural contexts and identifies promising practices in teacher education that take the most salient contextual variables into account.
• Teachers' Perspectives on Their Work with Families in a Bilingual Community
  Reviews research on teacher-parent relations, integrating three teachers' perspectives on their work with families in a bilingual community. Describes observations and interviews with teachers and parents over a school year that offer data for an in-depth analysis of teachers' perspectives on teacher-parent interactions in this setting.
• Teaching as an Encounter with the Self: Unraveling the Mix of Personal Beliefs, Education Ideologies, and Pedagogical Practices
  By audiotaping and analyzing class discussions with graduate students in education, the teacher confronted her own personal beliefs in the context of cross-cultural perspectives on child rearing and traditional educational ideologies. Examining the intersection of belief and practice resulted in more culturally aware teaching.
• Teaching Asian American Students
  Uses data from interviews with parents of Asian American students, observations, and literature reviews to identify cultural and language issues that must be considered in teaching this population. The paper discusses the history of Asian immigrants, attitudes toward education among Asians, the relationship between teaching styles and Asian culture, and suggestions for teachers working with Asian American students.
• Teaching Multiculturalism: Focus on People
  This article details a project for teaching elementary school students to understand and accept multicultural differences. This task is made easier by involving actual international visitors.
• Teaching Relationship Skills in Diversity
  In-class activities that provide students with intercultural interactions and supplemental lectures that define critical concepts can facilitate the appreciation of diversity in the classroom. One such activity, useful for the beginning of courses, involves the creation of two separate culture codes, or set of instructions, for introducing oneself, and printing them on different colored paper.
• Tensions: Ten Great Books about Cultural Encounters
  Offers brief descriptions of 10 books for children and adolescents in which characters attempt to sort out the cultural conflicts that result when cultures meet. (SR).
• Text Design Patterns in the Writing of Urban African American Students: Teaching to the Cultural Strengths of Students in Multicultural Settings
  Detailed text analysis was used to examine the expository writing patterns of four academically successful African American high school students. These bidialectic students brought culturally influenced text design patterns into the classroom.
• The "Strangers" among Us. The Social Construction of Identity in Adult Education. Linkoping Studies in Education and Psychology No. 61
  A study examined the labeling practices in the multicultural discourse in two adult education settings in Sweden: a day folk high school and a municipal adult education center. A total of 33 students and 9 staff members from two adult education programs were interviewed.
• The Academic Achievement of Minority Students: Perspectives, Practices, and Prescriptions
  This book presents a collection of papers by educators and researchers who discuss various methods of improving minority student achievement.
• The Chula/Fish Creek Connection
  Describes a social studies cultural exchange program between a public school and a Canadian native school in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Outlines how the students became mutual inquirers into one another's cultures.
• The Concept of Culture in Multicultural Education: Views of Teacher Educators in the USA
  This study is a qualitative analysis and critique of the way culture is conceptualized in a collection of teacher educators' stories of their personal experiences with cultural differences and their characterizations of multicultural education. The interpretive practices revealed in their writings suggest that they hold the concept of culture that predominates in the United States, that of a bounded entity belonging to groups and individuals.
• The Culturally Diverse Classroom: A Guide for ESL and Mainstream Teachers
  This handbook is for teachers and administrators involved with international students in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and mainstream settings. It is intended to raise awareness of the new American classroom.
• The Culturally Diverse Classroom: A Guide for ESL and Mainstream Teachers
  This handbook is for teachers and administrators involved with international students in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and mainstream settings. It is intended to raise awareness of the new American classroom.
• The Development of a Cultural Assessment Tool: Paving the Way to a Culturally Comfortable Classroom
  In a multicultural classroom it is the seemingly small issues, such as classroom informality or interpersonal relationships between male and female students, that can cause misunderstandings and problems. This paper delineates a simple assessment tool to determine what behaviors might be a source of potential discomfort in the classroom.
• The Diversity Board: Encouraging Students To Interact with Others in a Multicultural Society
  This paper offers a lesson plan for a classroom activity, called the "diversity board" which challenges and encourages college students to think seriously about what diversity means and how diversity influences behaviors and communication between people.
• The Eye of the Other: Reading Difference in Language and Literature
  Combining academic prose, some narrative, a poem, and some literary criticism, this project paper presents a theoretical framework for the literature base of the curriculum the teacher hopes to make operational on various levels over several years. The first section of the paper discusses the goals and various approaches of multicultural education.
• The Impact of an International Cultural Experience on Previously Held Stereotypes by American Student Nurses
  Examined stereotypes held by U.S. student nurses before and after participating in an educational experience in Russia.
• The Invisible Made Visible: Documentaries about Living with Psychological Disabilities
  Reviews a decade of films and videos about depression, schizophrenia, and other emotional and psychological conditions as they affect women and men of different cultures. The article begins with a revelation by a recognized leader in multicultural education about his own struggle with depression and about how psychological disabilities are often omitted from the larger discussion of social justice and equity.
• The Native American Learner and Bicultural Science Education
  Explanations of natural phenomena within a traditional Native American context are often at odds with Western scientific philosophy and what is taught in school science. Herein lays a very real conflict between two distinctly different worldviews: the mutualistic/holistic-oriented worldview of Native American cultures and the rationalistic/dualistic worldview of Western science that divides, analyzes, and objectifies.
• The Native American Learner and Bicultural Science Education
  Explanations of natural phenomena within a traditional Native American context are often at odds with Western scientific philosophy and what is taught in school science. Herein lies a very real conflict between two distinctly different worldviews: the mutualistic/holistic-oriented worldview of Native American cultures and the rationalistic/dualistic worldview of Western science that divides, analyzes, and objectifies.
• The Necessity of the Literary Tradition: Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "One-Hundred Years of Solitude."
  Argues that literature from other countries, taught as multicultural literature, must be taught in the context of its own literary tradition in order to provide high-quality academic instruction. Offers an example with Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "One-Hundred Years of Solitude" to show how teaching multicultural literature can live up to its ambitious goal of illuminating different cultures.
• The Perceived Influence of Culture and Ethnicity on the Communicative Dynamics of the United Nations Secretariat
  Investigates managerial perceptions in the United Nations Secretariat with regard to communicative dynamics in an organization founded on the precepts of cultural and ethnic diversity. Finds several pillars of deep diversity at the Secretariat, including multicultural and multiethnic understanding; an inclusive charter or mission; managers' commitment to that charter or mission; linguistic diversity; and respect and appreciation of similarities and differences.
• The Role of Teachers in a Cross-cultural Drama
  Examines why there are so few Native American teachers in this country, specifically in the upper Midwest. Describes how one institution has increased the number of native teachers and notes student reactions to assimilation at a traditional, largely white university.
• The Search for the Great Community: The Multicultural Community and Its Problems. Draft
  This paper addresses issues surrounding the ideal of community in American undergraduate education and the challenge of multiculturalism in the context of a feminist interpretation of the pragmatism of John Dewey. A contradictory relationship is seen to exist between higher education's definition of community and multiculturalism; and this paper's interpretation of Dewey is thought to resolve these contradictions.
• The Training and Supervisory Needs of Racial and Ethnic Minority Students
  Despite increasing attention given to multicultural training issues in counseling programs, there is a dearth of information on unique training needs of racial and ethnic minority trainees. Reviews literature relevant to training needs, offers examples of training and supervisory issues, and makes recommendations for future research and training.
• The Way to Confusion
  Describes the creation and teaching of a high school elective course on American Indian literature, and discusses how a workshop on Native American literature challenged the teacher's beliefs and practices. Concludes that it is important to address the limitations non-Native readers bring to this literature but that those limitations need not confine what students choose to read.
• The Wonderful Diversity of American Indians
  Presents strategies for teaching Head Start children about the diversity of American Indians. Addresses common misconceptions about American Indian language and cultural traditions.
• Theorizing Interracial Families and Hybrid Identity: An Australian Perspective
  Uses narratives from research on interethnic Australian families to explore how interracial families are sites for development and articulation of hybrid identity, examining the significance of place, locality, and situated racial practice in constructing identity and arguing (using Hall's concepts of New Times and hybridity) that interracial subjects are of concern in postcolonial and postindustrial nation states and economics. (SM).
• Transformative Teaching for Multicultural Classrooms: Designing Curriculum and Classroom Strategies for Master's Level Teacher Education
  Teacher educators have done relatively little to develop multicultural curricula specific to continuing professional education of inservice teachers. Presents one professor's approach to educating for cultural diversity in a master's level course, "Cultural Issues in Classrooms and Curricula," describing experiences that participants had during the class, explaining the instructional framework, and discussing six teachers' approaches to educational diversity.
• Un-Separate and Still Unequal? Three Books about American Education and Race at the End of the Liberal Century [Book Review]
  Three recent books from different contexts bring new attention to the issues of race and education in the United States. These books are helpful to those considering the reasons for the underachievement of African-American students in the United States at the end of the 20th century.
• Unity in Diversity: The Enigma of the European Dimension in Education
  Maintains that efforts aimed at the development of a European dimension to the general education curriculum offered in individual nations' schooling have increased in recent years. Asserts that the immediate goal is to provide young people with opportunities beyond their national borders.
• Unscrambling the Semantics of Canadian Multiculturalism
  This paper explores the evolution of multiculturalism in the Canadian context. Some opponents of multiculturalism in Canada detect in the ideology an undermining of a unique Canadian identity in favor of hyphenated Canadians, while proponents see the hyphenation as adding richness and color to the Canadian character.
• Using an Interactive Website To Educate about Cultural Diversity and Societal Oppression
  Describes use of an interactive Web forum to provide a safe vehicle for social work students to dialogue concerning the dynamics of social oppression and cultural diversity. Analyzes usage patterns of the website and data from student evaluations.
• Using Analogy To Develop an Understanding of Deaf Culture. A K-5 Curriculum
  Presents a model for a multicultural curriculum in which aspects of deaf culture are introduced to hearing students, noting the rationale for developing it. Discusses using analogy and empathy as catalysts for change in multicultural settings, describes a conceptual model of culture, and explains what deaf culture is.
• Using Immersion Experiences to Shake Up Preservice Teachers' Views about Cultural Differences
  A cultural-immersion project helped preservice teachers at the University of Nevada gain knowledge about other cultures and insight into how it feels to be part of a minority culture. Data from students' writeups of the projects indicate that students gained much from the experience (e.g., new information about specific cultures, challenged beliefs, and enhanced personal and professional skills).
• Using Stories To Introduce and Teach Multicultural Literature
  Discusses the importance of stories in introducing migrants to the new societies they enter. Stories allow people to reach out to past generations and provide examples of successful coping in new lives.
• Using Student-Generated Film To Create a Culturally Relevant Community
  Encourages modification of teaching strategies to facilitate academic achievement among students from diverse groups. Describes how the author collaborated with professionals from the Folger Library's Teaching Shakespeare Institute to develop a better way to teach Shakespeare to her predominantly African-American students.
• Victims, Heroes, and Just Plain Folks (Teaching and Learning about Cultural Diversity)
  Argues that multicultural education, if it is to be effective and meaningful, needs to be woven throughout the curriculum. Discusses 11 children's books that take into account the age and maturity level of students as they tell forthright stories of the victims, heroes, and just plain folks of the Holocaust, slavery, and the involuntary of assimilation of Native Americans.
• Voices from the Trenches: Students' Insights Regarding Multicultural Teaching/Learning
  Describes a conference presentation on "Multicultural Ways of Thinking: Removing the Blinders," in which a teaching strategy called "anonymous sharing" was modeled. The strategy allows participants to share ideas in a nonthreatening way by reading comments made anonymously by others.
• Voices from the Vineyard: Gifts of Diversity from Catholic Elementary School Educators
  Studies elementary Catholic-school educators, with a focus on cultural diversity. Discusses key experiences in diverse settings, transforming the curriculum, staffing and hiring practices, and the role of parents in student education.
• What Keeps Teachers Going?
  This book examines what can be learned from veteran teachers who not only continue to teach but also manage to remain enthusiastic about it despite deprivation and challenges.
• White Noise: The Attack on Political Correctness and the Struggle for the Western Canon
  Reviews debates about political correctness, multiculturalism, and the Western Canon in education, analyzing why the Canon needs defending and what it says about education. The paper describes flaws in the arguments of those attacking political correctness and defending the Canon, suggesting that the case for multiculturalism and diversified curriculum needs substantial strengthening to be feasible.
• Who Owns History? (Teaching and Learning about Cultural Diversity)
  Notes that history is always based on someone's vision of truth, expressed through a process of distillation, selection, inclusion, exclusion, reorganization, and prioritizing. Argues that the shorthand, watered-down, or warped history of mainstream textbooks regarding cultural diversity should be supplemented with original documents, fiction, and the voices of real people telling their own stories.
• Why Does the Buddha Have Long Ears? A North Carolina Museum Educator Invites Students To Explore Religious Diversity through Art
  Describes the Five Faiths Project, a children's program of storytelling, photography workshops, museum exhibits, classroom projects, and community performances developed by the curator of education of the Ackland Art Museum at the University of North Carolina. Activities, which have focused on Hinduism and Judaism so far, will eventually explore diversity in Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
• Women of Color: Perspectives within the Profession
  To effectively interact with their students, leaders and teachers in sport and physical activity must be familiar with their students' cultural backgrounds. This collection of articles discusses how women of color deal with and have been affected by their racial and ethnic identities in relationship to physical activity and sport.
• Working with Asian Parents and Families
  Discusses how teachers can enhance the experiences of their Asian American students, examining the importance of understanding Asian American parents and families. Suggestions for working with Asian American parents and families include: respect immediate and extended family members, understand diversity within Asian ethnic groups, consider parents' English proficiency, combat stereotypes, and encourage children to be bicultural and bilingual.
• World Rhythms: Students Make Cultural Connections through Music and Dance
  Describes several programs in which music and dance are used to unlock doors that stereotypes of race, gender, language, religion, or ability have kept shut. Exposure to the music and dance of other cultures helps children's awareness of the diversity of the world and people's essential similarities.