NCCRESt

part of the Education Reform Networks

Administrators

• State Politics, Students, Administrators, and Faculty: Teaching American Studies in Idaho
  A professor who teaches an American Studies course at the University of Idaho contends that she has her work cut out for her. According to the professor, Idaho's conservative political climate has led to her learning to negotiate.
• Ethics in Qualitative Research: Multicultural Feminist Activist Research
  It explores a self-reflexive effort to engage teachers, administrators, and community leaders in qualitative inquiry within a multicultural feminist framework. In graduate courses emphasizing feminist pedagogy and research in urban settings, students conducted research projects designed to transform existing social inequities in their lived experiences.
• I Always Wanted To Live in an Exclusive Neighborhood until I Realized That Who They Were Trying To Exclude Was Me!
  The article examines how schools replicate(or interrupt) exclusionary or discriminatory practices based on a study of Latino school administrators in San Diego County (California); presents a model of the interaction between Latino educational administrators and the sentiment within the educational community that places educator identity and professional development within four quadrants. (SLD).
• Literacy & Libraries: Learning from Case Studies
  This book presents 22 personal narratives in which library directors, program administrators, teachers, tutors, librarians, and adult learners explain firsthand how literacy programs at libraries across the United States have changed people's lives.
• Reducing Stereotyping among 4th through 6th Grade Students by Strengthening Self-Esteem, Interpersonal Relationships, and Multicultural Appreciation
  This practicum study devised and evaluated a program designed to reduce overt incidents of stereotyping among diverse fourth through sixth graders in a large urban K-8 school.
• Secondary Schools in a New Millennium: Demographic Certainties, Social Realities
  This report examines the demographic trends, social realities, and complexities that can potentially transform American secondary schools. It describes the nature of diversity in the world and nation and between and within states and school districts.
• Special education and inclusion
  Research-based reform continues to strike a balance between the academic theories and classroom realities. This handbook provides a set of guidelines for the preparation of skilled instructors at all levels and career stages of teaching; establishes a curriculum for teacher education; and offers a forum for discussion in the field among teachers, teacher educators, and administrators.
• Teachers' Responses to Policy Implementation: Interactions of New Accountability Policies and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Urban School Reform
  This paper explores how new accountability policies interact with culturally relevant teaching at the classroom level. When teachers are under the constraints of accountability and student testing policies, are they able to adopt and practice culturally relevant pedagogy in their classrooms? Previous research indicates that high-stakes accountability systems connected with standardized testing are viewed as having negative effects on teachers, the teaching profession, and curriculum and instruction.
• From Metaphoric Landscapes to Social Reform: A Case for Holistic Curricula
  The article discusses two related dilemmas: (1) the tension between the Western view of historical progress and the realities of modern society; and (2) the tension between old and new approaches to teaching and learning about the arts.
• Honouring Diversity in the Classroom: Challenges and Reflections. Diversity in the Classroom Series, Number One
  This document provides the framework for six other related documents in a series that focuses on diversity in the classroom. Section 1, "Introduction," explains that children in any Canadian classroom are not homogeneous, and such diversity presents teachers with challenges and obligations.
• Internationalizing the Business School--Responding to the Customer's Needs
  Efforts to internationalize the business curriculum in the United States must be supported by strong institutional commitment and implementation, and reflect the world business community and the country's multicultural business environment. Programs should conform to new accreditation standards and respond to client demand concerning emerging markets, international competition, and economic, social, political, and technological trends.
• Shameful Admissions. The Losing Battle To Serve Everyone in Our Universities
  This book uses an examination of admissions policies, especially affirmative action, at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), to explore higher education and its role in public debates about access, equality, and social change.
• Fulfilling the Promise of Access and Opportunity: Collaborative Community Colleges for the 21st Century. New Expeditions: Charting the Second Century of Community Colleges. Issues Paper No. 3
  This document is part of the New Expeditions series, published by the American Association of Community Colleges. Addressed specifically in this paper is the need for collaboration within and between community colleges if they are to fulfill their role as democratic agencies concerned with access and equity issues.
• Pathways to Tolerance: Student Diversity
  Ideas for schools to support tolerance and celebrate student diversity are presented in this volume of reprinted articles.
• Understanding Differences in Cultural Communication Styles
  Administrators must integrate the strengths of diverse cultural styles into all parts of the system, including hiring practices, curriculum development, teaching and learning styles, discipline philosophy, and communication with parents. To reduce the potential for misunderstandings, this article explains differences in "mainstream" versus traditional ethnic communication and participation that govern student placement decisions, parent-teacher conferences, informal interactions, and treatment of "hot topics." (MLH).
• Leadership and Teaching in Four Schools with Varied Organizational Structures and Social Contexts
  Since educational administrators must study leadership as related to improving classroom instruction, the purpose of this study was to determine if any patterns existed in the relationship between leadership and teaching reform in four previously published case studies.
• Teaching Every Child Every Day: Learning in Diverse Schools and Classrooms. Advances in Teaching and Learning Series
  Chapters in this book address the problems faced in today's diverse neighborhoods, schools, and classrooms, as well as the opportunities diversity provides. The schools, teachers, administrators, families, and communities drawn on in these selections provide examples of the effective integration of what is known about achieving success for all students as they illustrate what can be and is being done.
• The Universities Today. Scholarship, Self-Interest, and Politics for Concerned Citizens, Students, Parents, Alumni, Officials, Educational Administrators, Academicians
  This book examines issues facing higher education today, especially the need to reverse the frequently adversarial relationship between the academy and the larger society.
• "We're Making History." Summative Evaluation. Capitol Region Humanities Alliance Project
  The Connecticut inter-district middle school curriculum implementation project of the Capitol Region Humanities Alliance (CRHA) is presented in this summative evaluation.
• Maximizing Human Capital by Developing Multicultural Competence
  Examines the growing demand for multicultural competence in college graduates, describes the course content and academic-advising activities recommended to develop it, and comments on the limits and inherent dangers of providing multicultural exposure universally. Academic advisors are urged to help students maximize their human capital by adding multicultural competence as part of their formal education.
• Unity in Diversity: The Enigma of the European Dimension in Education
  The article maintains that efforts aimed at the development of a European dimension to the general education curriculum offered in individual nations' schooling have increased in recent years and asserts that the immediate goal is to provide young people with opportunities beyond their national borders. (CFR).
• Globalizing Knowledge: Connecting International & Intercultural Studies. The Academy in Transition
  This is the fourth in a series of occasional papers that analyze the changes taking place in U.S. undergraduate education.
• Maximizing School Guidance Program Effectiveness: A Guide for School Administrators & Program Directors
  Twenty-three brief chapters provide administrators a comprehensive guide to school counseling that describes practices, problems, and processes for which school counselors' expertise may be relied on.
• Multicultural Curriculum in Higher Education
  The article discusses cultural wars in academic disciplines and among populations within college and university campuses. Examines multiculturalism and the curriculum, ranging from reform of basic curricular requirements to the persistence of ethnic and gender studies programs, and considers opportunities for effecting change in academic libraries.
• What are schools for
  Problems of schooling in the United States are explored in the monograph. Major educational problems are grouped in two categories--confusion over educational objectives and a rush to solve vaguely understood educational problems with ill-conceived action.
• Multicultural Education Program Evaluation, 1995-96. Assessment/Accountability Report
  In 1993-94, the Board of Education of the City of New York distributed more than $1 million to augment existing multicultural initiatives in professional or curriculum development. Districts and superintendencies in the city also designed a 3-year program to facilitate the planning and scope of these initiatives.
• Professional development school trade-offs in teacher preparation and renewal
  Examined the preparation of student teachers at four Professional Development Schools (PDSs) longitudinally, comparing their experiences with those of traditional student teachers. Data from meetings with administrators; site visits; document analysis; graduation and professional status information; student teacher surveys; and graduate surveys indicated that students appreciated PDSs' camaraderie, support, collaboration, and effectiveness.
• Project Support Evaluation. Los Angeles Unified School District, Report #3 - Final Evaluation
  Project Support, a 3-year project funded by the federal government, was designed as a demonstration of the impact of a comprehensive school-based drug and gang prevention program for high-risk students in six elementary schools in Los Angeles (California).
• Immigrant Students in New York City Schools
  The immigrant population residing in New York City has expanded enormously in recent years and profoundly affected the public school system. As significant as the expansion of immigrant students enrolled in New York City public schools has been, even more remarkable is the diversity in the countries of origin of new students.
• Rolling Up Our Sleeves in Social Justice Research: A Collaborative Study of School-Based Coalitions
  This study examined the shared experiences of student and teacher activists in light of current theoretical and political contexts of interest to social justice activists. The study involved collaborative in-depth interviews with and observations of seven student and four teacher activists in Alberta, Canada.
• The ABC--CLIO Companion to the Disability Rights Movement
  A combination of encyclopedia and ”who’s who” for the disability rights movement, this is a compendium of almost 500 alphabetically arranged entries covering everything from ”Ableism” to the late sociologist Irving Zola. The book includes a chronology of key events in the history of disability in the United States, and an extensive bibliography of key works in all areas of disability studies.
• Steps to Creative Campus Collaboration. Invited Paper
  The issues of what to do about the flaws in our current system of higher education are based in our beliefs about the purposes of higher education. Which educational approaches best serve our society in this era? What values, skills, and knowledge do we want students to examine or learn in their college experience? What processes of teaching and learning will help us meet our goals and fulfill our values?.
• Adult Basic Skills: Developing a Local Action Plan.
  This document presents advice from the United Kingdom's Basic Skills Agency regarding developing local action plans.
• Taylor’s Story: Full Inclusion in Her Neighborhood Elementary School
  Content Abstract: Analysis of the experience of a student with severe mental retardation who experienced full inclusion in her neighborhood elementary school revealed that the student’s opportunities for social participation and friendship improved, several adaptive skills were developed, the classroom teacher played a critical role in orchestrating the level of academic inclusion, and transition planning was essential. (Author/JDD) Method Abstract: ”Data from interviews, sociometric measures, videotapes, and field notes were used to present the perspectives of administrators, general and special educators, students and Taylor’s parents.” Quantitative and qualitative research methods utilized.
• Gathering Strength: Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan. A Progress Report = Rassembler nos forces: Le plan d'action du Canada pour les questions autochtones. Rapport d'etape.
  Gathering Strength is an integrated government-wide plan to address the key challenges facing Canada's Aboriginal people.
• Preparing All Classroom Teachers To Educate a Linguistically and Culturally Diverse School Population
  As the United States school population becomes more linguistically and culturally diverse, teachers are challenged to provide full access, equality of instruction, and appropriate learning environments to all students. It is estimated that more than 20 percent of the 45 million school-age children live in households in which languages other than English are spoken; 6 million are from Spanish speaking households.
• Perceptions, Responses, and Knowledge about Diversity Held by Extension Administrators
  Ohio State University extension administrators (n=108) acknowledge diversity as an important issue but are confused about how to communicate with and serve diverse populations. They lack a clear vision of a multicultural organization and need to recruit diverse applicants.
• A Dialogue About Race and Ethnicity in Education: Struggling To Understand Issues in Cross-Cultural Leadership
  A dialogic approach explores some of the complex issues related to race and ethnicity to identify implications for more effective cross-cultural leadership in diverse schools. Revisited field notes, as well as data from interviews and surveys from various research projects, provide the background about the difficulties of understanding race and ethnicity across different school settings and among educators with different perspectives.
• The Culturally Diverse Classroom: A Guide for ESL and Mainstream Teachers
  This handbook is for teachers and administrators involved with international students in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and mainstream settings. It is intended to raise awareness of the new American classroom.
• The Other Canadian "Mosaic": "Race" Equity Education in Ontario and British Columbia
  The article examines the implementation of Canadian federal policy on multicultural and antiracist education in Ontario and British Columbia; focuses on the perspectives of 42 "active players" in the field of race equity education, including teachers, faculty, administrators, and activists; emphasizes the influence of local political and historical conditions on policy implementation. Contains 34 references.
• Communicating Diversity: A Study of the Multicultural Climate in a Summer Academic Program
  A study examined multiculturalism and diversity through accommodations for minority and international students in LEAP (Learning Edge Academic Program), a six-week summer program for freshmen at a major Eastern university. Subjects included administrators, mentors, instructors, and students, who were interviewed regarding their perceptions on the issues.
• Educational Reform, Students of Color, and Potential Outcomes
  Based on middle-class, white values and assumptions, school restructuring proposed in "first wave reform" will increase inequity and stratification and hamper social mobility for minorities. School choice, outcomes-based education, and secondary track systems are critiqued.
• A Spatial Study of the Mobility of Hispanics in Illinois and the Implications for Educational Institutions. Working Paper No. 43
  This paper examines the growth and characteristics of the Hispanic population in Illinois and presents a case study of how a rural Illinois community and its schools are adapting to an influx of mostly Mexican immigrants. The first section discusses Mexican immigration to Illinois during the 1900s and provides racial/ethnic data on population growth in the Midwest and Illinois during the 1980s; educational attainment, 1980-95; income and poverty rates; and population change in metro and nonmetro Illinois, 1990-96.
• eCOVE Classroom Observation Toolkit
  A commercial site that offers the eCOVE Classroom Observation Toolkit. This is a set of 23 timers and counters that gather data on classroom behavior of teachers and/or students.
• At-Risk Student Perceptions of the Value of Their Freshman Orientation Week Experiences
  This paper describes the impact of one college's Freshman Orientation Week (FOW) just prior to the fall semester as the first component of an academic achievement and retention enhancement program for at-risk students, The Learning Circle (TLC). TLC provided cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and behavioral skills and literacy training in five areas: basic skills literacy, specialized skills literacy, cultural literacy, multicultural literacy, and composite world literacy.
• Hope for urban education: A study of nine high-performing, high-poverty, urban elementary schools.
  This report tells the stories of nine urban elementary schools that served children of color in poor communities and achieved impressive academic results. All of the schools used federal Title I dollars to create Title I school wide programs.
• Conditions for Co-teaching: Lessons from a Case Study
  Co-teaching -- general and special education teachers teaching together in a general education classroom -- is frequently offered as a means of promoting inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education curriculum but few researchers have examined the context in which special educators co-teach.
• Grade One and Growing: A Comprehensive Instructional Resource Guide for Teachers. Pilot Edition.
  The first-grade multicultural curriculum in this guide is designed to enable teachers to create learning environments that will enable all children to develop nondiscriminatory behavior, form positive self-concepts, respect diversity of cultures, conserve the environment, foster a life-long desire for learning, and begin developing the necessary skills for school success.
• Progress without punishment: Effective approaches for learners with behavior problems.
  Recent years have seen dramatic changes in the theory and practice of special education and human service systems. The focus has shifted away from artificial and restrictive environments to deinstitutionalization, community integration, and the development of programs in public schools and vocational and residential settings.
• Professional development schools
  Research-based reform continues to strike a balance between the academic theories and classroom realities. This handbook provides a set of guidelines for the preparation of skilled instructors at all levels and career stages of teaching; establishes a curriculum for teacher education; and offers a forum for discussion in the field among teachers, teacher educators, and administrators.
• A Student Programmer's Guide to Developing Multicultural Activities at Community Colleges
  Ten steps to success in multicultural campus-activities programming are outlined: seek new perspectives; learn issues and terminology; learn how the three stages of diversity apply to programming; build alliances with other student groups; co-sponsor events; build bridges with faculty; include educational components in programs; be creative; reach out to the community; and seek help from professionals. (MSE).
• Leadership Abstracts, 1996
  The abstracts in this series provide two-page discussions of issues related to leadership, administration, professional development, technology, and education in community colleges.
• Inclusion and School Reform: Transforming America’s Classrooms
  This book examines the education of students with disabilities in the United States based on three historical stages: (1) the exclusion of these students from public schooling by law or regulation; (2) the institution of formal programs for schooling based on judicial and/or legislative requirements; and (3) progress toward defining the nature of inclusive policies and practices in public education.
• Report on the Binational Conference: In Search of a Border Pedagogy (4th, El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, January 1999).
  This report contains a synopsis of the binational conference and features brief summaries of all the papers presented at the conference. Over 350 educators, community leaders, and researchers were brought together to discuss the educational extremes found along the border between the United States and Mexico and to investigate instructional approaches that address the unique characteristics of this region.
• On Exclusion and Inclusion in Classroom Texts and Talk. Report Series 7.5
  To analyze some of the processes through which student voices and lived experiences can be either excluded or included, a study focused on elements of the classroom environment already addressed in previous analyses, examining "texts and talk" in two middle school English classrooms. This study analyzed how the classroom environments that the teachers constructed--through literature choices, classroom pedagogy, interactions with students, and responses to linguistic and cultural diversity--work in ways that either affirm or exclude the voices and lives of nonmainstream students.
• Commentary on "Laying Down the Sword."
  Discusses a book which describes through poetry, essays, and personal life reflections on how it was to grow up as a Black American. Offers information on the author, an educational administrator and 30-year veteran of the music and recording industry; presents the book's introduction; and includes comments about the book by two educational administrators.
• An Analysis of a School District's Multicultural/Non-Sexist Policy: Implications for Classroom Practices and Pedagogy
  This study investigated the success of the Dubuque Community School District (Iowa) in meeting its policy goal for equity and diversity through related policies and practices for staff development, curriculum development, and site-based school initiatives. A survey instrument was developed and pilot tested in collaboration with teachers, administrators, community members, and college researchers and was correlated to measure the intervention of 32 hours of staff development through workshops in diversity and student achievement.
• Language Policy: Vancouver's Multicultural Mosaic
  Focuses on how recent immigration factors in the urban environment of Vancouver, British Columbia affect language education and policies at the local and provincial levels. Statistical analyses and surveys among teachers and administrators were used to get an overview of these factors to gain insight on language programs and impressions of teacher training programs.
• Reaching All Families: Creating Family-Friendly Schools
  Recognizing the critical role parents have in developing their children's learning habits, this booklet offers strategies that focus on ways principals and teachers can communicate with diverse families about: (1) school goals, programs, activities, and procedures; (2) the progress of individual students; and (3) home activities which can improve children's school learning.
• Accent Discrimination: Implications for the Multicultural Educational Institution of the 21st Century
  Based on litigation patterns, discrimination because of accent occurs most frequently in colleges and universities, particularly in the classroom. Accent discrimination cases are unlike other employment discrimination cases because successful claims generally do not depend on qualifications, but on accent's effect on job performance.
• Creating an Inclusive College Curriculum: A Teaching Sourcebook from the New Jersey Project. Athene Series
  This book includes a selection of essays, narratives, and syllabi from the New Jersey Project, which, since 1986, has been pioneering the statewide transformation of the college curriculum away from the androcentric and Eurocentric canon toward an inclusive, nonsexist, nonracist, and multicultural curriculum.
• Annual Needs Assessment, 1998: Region V Head Start-Child Care Partnerships & Training and Technical Assistance Needs in the Area of Disabilities
  The Great Lakes Quality Improvement Center for Disabilities (Region V QIC-D or GLQIC-D) serves Head Start Programs in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin, and conducts an annual needs assessment of the Head Start Disability Services Coordinators. For 1998, 264 coordinators completed the survey, which gathered information regarding Head Start-Child Care partnerships and initiatives, training and technical assistance needs regarding parents with disabilities, and needs in library resources regarding disabilities.
• "White Privilege": Discrimination and Miscommunication--How It Affects/Effects Underrepresented Minority [Groups] on College Campuses
  Thirty years after the enactment of civil rights legislation, the meaning of race has become a problem in the United States, largely because the legacy of centuries of white supremacy lives on. Monolithic white supremacy is over, but in a more concealed way, white power and privilege linger.
• Assessing the Effects of Reform in Teacher Education: An Evaluation of the MAT Program at Trinity University
  This report describes the teacher education reforms at Trinity University (San Antonio, Texas), with special emphasis on the benefits and obstacles encountered along the journey toward the creation and maintenance of effective school-university partnerships. In 1987, Trinity University established the Alliance for Better Schools, a school-university partnership between four schools (two elementary, one middle, and one high school) in one urban and one suburban district and Trinity University.
• Supporting Teachers To Bridge Cultures for Immigrant Latino Students. A Model for Professional Development
  This publication describes a model for faculty development in the area of immigrant Latino students. The Bridging Cultures Project was developed to address: how teacher professional development would affect teachers' understanding of how differing values could lead to conflict between home and school; how teachers could translate such understanding into improved practices bridging home and school cultures; and what effects this faculty development would have on students, teachers, and parents.
• Curricular Approaches To Developing Positive Interethnic Relations
  Examines how curricular approaches have helped build positive interethnic relations in a large, ethnically diverse high school, documenting four curricular approaches teacher leaders used to address issues of race and ethnicity and exploring the impact of those approaches on student learning. Illuminates how teacher leaders and administrators created the conditions for these curricular reforms to be sustainable.
• Enhancing the Communication Skills of Newly-Arrived Asian American Students. ERIC/CUE Digest No. 136
  This digest focuses on meeting the educational needs of recent Asian Pacific American (APA) immigrants. Newcomers usually have various levels of English proficiency, and many find school rules incomprehensible because they differ so widely from their previous experiences.
• Refugee Pupils: A Headteacher's Perspective
  Although challenges faced by refugee children in English schools are those faced by all students, theirs are exacerbated by their refugee status. Particular problems are those of student migration, language, culture, home and school relationships, the pastoral aspect of school care, and the need for time to deal with the child as an individual.
• Sharing the Wisdom of Practice: Schools That Optimize Literacy Learning for All Students
  The No Child Left Behind Act leaves no doubt about the importance of effective reading instruction, setting a national goal for every child to become a proficient reader by the third grade. With 70% of fourth graders from low income families currently unable to read at even a basic level, teachers face a daunting challenge.
• Perceptions of Teachers, Administrators, and Community Members about Returning to a Neighborhood School Structure
  This study investigated the perceptions of selected stakeholders about the impact of returning to a district-wide neighborhood school structure after having been under a federal desegregation mandate (involving busing) since the 1970s. It focuses on data from interviews with African American and white elementary school teachers.
• Professional Control and Lay Governance in Schools: Implications for Addressing Student Diversity
  Author explores the tension between professional control of schools through educational administrators and lay governance as provided by a board of education as this tension relates to issues of student diversity. New models of school governance are considered for their effects of teacher professionalism with respect to student diversity.
• The Elementary School Library Collection: A Guide to Books and Other Media, Phases 1-2-3. 20th Edition
  This collection development aid lists more than 10,000 titles of children's materials available in a variety of formats (in addition to print materials, the guide also includes sound recordings, video cassettes, microcomputer software programs, CD-ROM products, and videodiscs).
• Assessing Education's Response to Multicultural Issues
  Finds that, according to responses by administrators, most journalism/mass communication units accredited by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication seem to have done somewhat more than unaccredited units to sensitize students to a multicultural society and to hire minority faculty and recruit minority students. (SR).
• Multicultural Education: Strategies for Implementation in Colleges and Universities. Volume 4
  The 21 essays of this book discuss strategies for implementing multicultural education at the higher education level, especially in Illinois.
• The Internet Resource Directory for K-12 Teachers and Librarians. 97/98 Edition
  This directory is the fourth in an annual series of Internet guides for educators, librarians, and school administrators, and provides tips on access to, as well as addresses for, online resources that support and enrich the K-12 curriculum and supplement the school library core collection. Sites that help educators develop professionally are also covered.
• Enacting Diverse Learning Environments: Improving the Climate for Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Higher Education. ERIC Digest
  This digest examines ways in which learning and educational objectives can be maximized to achieve diversity while improving social and learning environments for students from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. The digest examines the literature on campus climate for racial/ethnic diversity, looks at the impact on student diversity of the campus climate, and examines institutional changes necessary to improve the racial/ethnic diversity and enhance the learning environment.
• How Can a Teacher Save a Program That Administrators Want To Cut?
  The article describes the Multicultural Advancement Program at the author's school and illustrates how the teachers within the program sing its praises, but it appears that they are always in a defensive position repeatedly compelled to validate themselves.
• Teacher Attitudes to, and Beliefs about, Multicultural Education: Have There Been Changes over the Last Twenty Years?
  This study compared Australian teachers' attitudes toward multicultural education in 2000 with their attitudes in 1979, focusing on: fostering community language maintenance, fostering cultural identity and prestige maintenance, and fostering the benefits of multiculturalism within the community.
• Retention of special education professionals: A practical guide of strategies and activities for educators and administrators
  Retention of special education personnel is now one of the hottest topics in the field. Learn how your university program, state, or district can work collaboratively with others to keep those already committed to special education in the profession.
• A Guide to Faculty Development: Practical Advice, Examples, and Resources
  Chapters in this guide provide practical guidance and useful information and resources relating to important aspects of faculty development, from setting up a faculty development program to assessing teaching practices.
• Brothers of the Academy: Up and Coming Black Scholars Earning Our Way in Higher Education
  This book offers 26 papers by black male scholars that examine the experience of being a black man in the academy and demonstrate what black men have contributed to the scholarly enterprise.
• From Co-Cultures to Community: Diversity at Miami-Dade Community College
  The article presents findings from extensive interviews with faculty, administrators, and staff describing how Miami-Dade Community College serves its multiracial and multicultural district through curriculum design, professional development, and hiring policies. Contains 34 references.
• Visual Arts Education Reform Handbook. Suggested Policy Perspectives on Art Content and Student Learning in Art Education: Maintaining a Substantive Focus. Corp Author(s): National Art Education Association, Reston, Va
  This handbook offers suggestions for educational reform in areas of student art learning, art education, and art content. After an "Introduction," which presents the philosophy and goals for reform, the document addresses the following issues: "What Is Student Art Learning?";.
• Voices of change: A report of the clinical schools project
  The Ford Foundation Clinical Schools Project was designed to assist higher education institutions, school systems, and teachers' professional organizations to collaborate in creating for teacher education the equivalent of the medical profession's teaching hospitals. Seven sites implemented experimental clinical training programs in six states: Florida, Kentucky, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington.
• The Future Is Now: Latino Education in Georgia
  Georgia's Latino student population has risen from less than 2,000 in 1976 to more than 28,000 in 1996. In 1995-96, Latinos were less likely than their peers to finish school, more likely to struggle in the classroom, and less likely to have instructors from their ethnic background.
• Multiculturalism in Higher Education: Transcending the Familiar Zone
  A discussion of the debate over multicultural education in colleges and universities looks at the evolution of the movement and examines some myths about it that threaten its effectiveness. An effective approach to multiculturalism is seen to have implications for institutional philosophy, structure, operations, and academic programs.
• Management Strategies for Culturally Diverse Classrooms. Fastback 396
  What teachers consider to be "discipline problems" are determined by their own culture, and filtered through personal values and teaching styles. Therefore, to manage diverse classrooms effectively, it is essential for teachers to understand what constitutes good classroom discipline within the context of cultural diversity.
• Meeting Today's Challenges: Two New Majors for the Language Student
  The Department of Modern Languages and Cultures at Pace University (New York) has responded to uneven language enrollments by developing two new majors: (1) modern languages and cultures, in which students must demonstrate proficiency in any two modern languages offered, and (2) language, culture, and world trade, an interdisciplinary applied humanities program. Both address the need for multicultural education.
• Empowering Student Teachers To Teach from a Multicultural Perspective
  This paper presents case studies of four middle school preservice teachers' experiences with multicultural education during their approximately 16-week student teaching practicum in the southeastern United States. Student teachers were male and female, aged 21 to 42 years; one was African-American and three were European-American.
• Through Students' Eyes. Combating Racism in United States Schools
  Racism has not been eradicated in U.S. schools, even though many educators do not view it as a major deterrent to the learning of minority students.
• Teacher Thinking in Cultural Contexts. SUNY Series, The Social Context of Education
  This collection sheds light on current research on teacher thinking in cultural contexts and identifies promising practices in teacher education that take the most salient contextual variables into account.
• Multiculturalism, Church, and the University
  The article argues for the incorporation of multicultural objectives into Catholic university curriculum; maintains that the Catholic doctrine of diversified unity makes it particularly qualified to mediate among the polarizing elements of multiculturalism;contains 10 broad guidelines for establishing multicultural objectives within a Catholic university. (MJP).
• Campus Trends 1996. Adjusting to New Realities. Higher Education Panel Report, Number 86
  For the 13th year, a national survey of changes in the academic and administrative practices of American colleges and universities was undertaken. Senior administrators at 403 colleges and universities completed and returned survey questionnaires (80 percent of a sample of 506).
• Literacy, Power and Social Justice
  This book examines how in a multicultural, multilingual society, schools must involve parents and community members in literacy teaching and learning. By building on existing literacy, schools can become catalysts in empowering children, families, and teachers.
• Small schools, big imaginations: A creative look at urban public schools
  School reform leaders from Chicago (Illinois), Denver (Colorado), New York (New York), Seattle (Washington), Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), and Los Angeles (California) created the Cross City Campaign for Urban School Reform to work to improve urban education so that all urban youth are well-prepared for postsecondary education, work, and citizenship.
• Adult Role Models: Needed Voices for Adolescents, Multiculturalism, Diversity, and Race Relations
  It examines parents', teachers', and administrators' beliefs about positive race relations and multiculturalism. Interview data indicate that parents and school role models are working to model acceptance of all cultures, and they understand that contacts and interactions with people of all races are necessary to make children better persons, lessening prejudice and biases not suitable in a diversified society.
• The Color of Bureaucracy: The Politics of Equity in Multicultural School Communities
  This book is for administrators, teachers, policymakers, educational reformers, and community leaders who are concerned with achieving greater social justice in education. It provides an in-depth understanding of the challenges to schools brought about by lingering views of race, gender, ethnicity, and class, showing how the inequalities of the country's past are unconsciously maintained through inherited systems of bureaucratic control.
• RTI Adoption Survey
  In February-March of 2008, The Council of Administrators of Special Education (CASE) and Spectrum K12 School Solutions conducted a web survey of K12 school administrators to assess the level of adoption of Response to Intervention (RTI). The objective of the survey was to provide a benchmark for districts to evaluate their rate of RTI adoption relative to other districts.
• The Moccasin on the Other Foot Dilemma: Multicultural Strategies at a Historically Black College
  This study used participant observation, student interviews, reflective journals, and discussions with faculty members and administrators to examine multicultural aspects at an historically black college.
• To Improve the Academy. Resources for Faculty, Instructional and Organizational Development. Volume 18
  The year 2000 volume of this annual publication contains 18 articles on issues relating to organizational change, collaboration and partnerships, and teaching and faculty development in higher education.
• Using Computer Technology to Promote Multicultural Awareness among Elementary School-Age Students
  Elementary school teachers, administrators, and counselors need to implement educational strategies that effectively help children develop skills necessary to manage technological demands and interpersonal challenges related to living in a highly diverse modern society. The article discusses projects and activities that involve the use of computers among elementary school students.
• Seeing Schools Through New Lenses: A Qualitative Approach to Observing in Schools
  This paper reports the development and evaluation of an observation guide that draws on qualitative techniques of participant observation and semistructured interviewing to help anyone interested in visiting and understanding schools to develop a ”big picture” profile quickly and efficiently.
• Middle Level Education: An Annotated Bibliography
  Developed as a reference tool for teachers, administrators, researchers, parents, and others interested in middle level education, this annotated bibliography of 1,757 entries focuses on practical aspects of middle level education and on research related to adolescence and middle level practices.
• Student Voices across the Spectrum: The Educational Integration Initiatives Project
  The Educational Integration Initiatives Project (EIIP) was a multidisciplinary study designed to explore the complexities of the interaction of race and education. The EIIP also evaluated how the environment in which students are educated affects their educational performance and personal development.
• Internal Mediation Services: Conflict Management in a Multicultural Higher Education Environment
  Discussion of intercultural conflicts among college and university faculty and staff looks at the role of internal mediation services, focusing on steps that should be followed by the mediator, mediator attributes contributing to successful resolution, and the importance of mediators and human resource professionals developing an awareness of intercultural differences that are often the root cause of conflict. (Author/MSE).
• Deconstructing the Myths: A Research Agenda for American Indian Education (Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 14-15, 2000)
  This report outlines a comprehensive research agenda for Indian education from the Native perspective. It resulted from a meeting held in Albuquerque, New Mexico in April 2000, planned by a national steering committee of Indian education researchers, administrators, and association executives.
• Making School a Place of Peace
  This book was written for educators at all levels and individuals who are concerned about making schools safe, orderly places. It offers guidelines to promote and increase peace in the schools.
• Diversity on Campus: Northern Virginia Community College Faces the Challenge
  Describes a survey of Northern Virginia Community College (NVCC) administrators, staff, faculty, and students on how college leaders address the challenge of multiculturalism on NVCC's campuses. Finds that special events, ethnically and racially based organizations, hiring of minorities, and specialized curricula are pursued to varying degrees.
• Creating Highly Motivating Classrooms for All Students: A Schoolwide Approach to Powerful Teaching with Diverse Learners. The Jossey-Bass Education Series
  This book focuses on teaching diverse students, providing a pedagogical framework and concrete strategies that school staff and educators can use in the context of: professional development related to school renewal; professional development related to K-12 teaching; and teaching strategies for K-12 classrooms. The book also describes how school-based teams can be prepared to serve as staff developers, school renewal facilitators, and instructional leaders.
• Service-Learning in Teacher Education: Enhancing the Growth of New Teachers, Their Students, and Communities
  This book provides teacher educators, administrators, practicing teachers who work with preservice teachers, policymakers, and researchers with information on the conceptual, research, and application areas of service-learning in preservice teacher education. The collection of papers offers teacher educators' thoughts about ways to enhance the usefulness of service-learning in preservice teacher preparation.
• Integrating the Arts: Renaissance and Reformation in Arts Education
  Author asserts that the general educational curriculum tends to be fragmented and compartmentalized and that this situation would be improved by curriculum integration; argues that an interdisciplinary arts approach would require new teacher attitudes and instructional strategies. (CFR).
• Teaching Gifted Kids in the Regular Classroom: Strategies and Techniques Every Teacher Can Use To Meet the Academic Needs of the Gifted and Talented. Revised, Expanded, Updated Edition
  This book offers teachers of all grades teaching/management strategies for providing gifted students in regular classes the enriched curriculum they need. Chapter 1 describes the learning and behavioral characteristics of gifted students, especially noting underserved groups such as gifted children from multicultural and low socioeconomic populations and those considered "twice exceptional" (gifted and disabled).
• CACD Journal, 1996-1997
  This issue of the California Association for Counseling and Development Journal reflects counseling at the crossroads: changes and challenges as its theme.
• Excellence through diversity
  The need to recruit minority candidates to teaching is too often overlooked amidst growing concern over a looming shortage of qualified teachers for U.S. public schools.
• Improving Urban Schools in the Age of Restructuring
  "Restructuring schools in urban settings requires a commitment to establishing and evaluating equity and excellence. Beliefs and values about schooling and the interests of all students should be made explicit and examined by educators in an attitude of critical inquiry.
• CIRCA 2000: Curriculum Intervention for Reading Comprehension & Achievement
  The article presents an essay that is the result of group-centered activities by graduate students and a faculty mentor in a leadership training program for prospective educational administrators in California.
• Joining Hands: A Parental Involvement Program
  Although teacher and administrators often go to great lengths to involve low-income families in school projects, their attempts often are unsuccessful. In this article, alternatives to traditional concepts of involvement and different behavioral styles are discussed.
• Campus Diversity: Presidents as Leaders
  Many in higher education look to student affairs for leadership in diversity awareness and multicultural understanding; yet, successful campus initiatives cannot be sustained without commitment and participation by and from faculty, students, and administrators. Author argues that the commitment and support to and for multicultural understanding will not materialize without visible proactive leadership from university presidents.
• Of Labels, Skills and Concepts
  This paper describes the current debate over developmentally appropriate teaching practice. The paper presents the perspective of multicultural educators, who argue that developmentally appropriate practice is biased toward white, middle-class values, and the perspective of special educators, who argue that modification of developmentally appropriate practice is necessary for their populations.
• The How of It: A Cultural Program Resource Guide, Innovative Educational Tools for Designing a Thematic Cultural Program. Culture at a Glance Series
  The study of other cultures enables learners to become aware of diversity and promotes their understanding, appreciation, and respect of people from other times and places. This document sets forth a cultural program that teachers and curriculum planners can use for building an in-depth curriculum by expanding content and concepts and integrating it with all other disciplines.
• Improving Minority Student Success: Crossing Boundaries and Making Connections between Theory, Research, and Academic Planning
  In an effort to cross boundaries and make connections between theory, research, and academic planning, Prince George's Community College in Maryland (PGCC) and the University of Maryland University College's Institute for Research on Adults in Higher Education (IRAHE) developed a partnership using national and institutional research to link theory and academic planning. In doing so, both institutions developed new programs responsive to the needs of a diverse population of adult learners.
• Recruiting Minority Teachers: The UTOP Program. Fastback 436
  This booklet examines the need to recruit minority teachers, highlighting the Urban Teachers Outreach Program (UTOP) currently being implemented in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The UTOP's collaborative effort between Lakeland College and the Sheboygan Area School District has helped minority members of public schools' classified staff (mostly teacher aides) earn bachelor's degrees and teacher certification.
• Visible Differences and Unseen Commonalities: Viewing Students as the Connections Between Schools and Communities
  Community involvement has become an integral part of the national reform agenda and the call for increased involvement and redefining schools’ and communities’ roles and relationships has broad-based support. But the ways in which parents and advocates envision their involvement is often different than the ways in which school administrators think about it.
• Selected Strategies and Activities To Provide Challenging Instruction to ESOL Students in Content Area Courses
  This paper describes how a large school district in suburban Atlanta, Georgia dealt with the challenges presented by the relatively sudden influx of a large number of highly heterogeneous limited-English-proficient (LEP) students. The eight most critical specific problems that underlay the assimilation of the new students included the following: a lack of proper assessment techniques; a largely negative categorization of the limited-.
• Celebrating Pluralism: Art, Education, and Cultural Diversity. Occasional Paper 5
  After providing a historical context for art education, this text explores the implications for art education from the broad themes found in art across the cultures. Discussions focus on how art education programs promote cross cultural diversity in art, affirm and enhance self-esteem and pride in students' cultural heritage, and address issues of ethnocentricism, bias, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, and racism.
• Reading, Writing, and Justice: School Reform as if Democracy Matters. SUNY Series, INTERRUPTIONS: Border Testimony(ies) and Critical Discourse/s
  This book asks what would it means to take democracy seriously in today's debates about school reform. Its six chapters offer case studies, examples, and conversation starters for teachers, administrators, and citizens who wish to build on the contribution of each and every citizen.
• Safe Passage: How Philanthropy Is Working Together to Help All of America's Youth Connect by Age 25
  Released in July 2006, Safe Passage is the latest publication of the Youth Transition Funders Group (YTFG), a consortium of major philanthropic foundations dedicated to strategic collaboration to address issues of juvenile justice, foster care system reform, and out-of-school/struggling youth. The publication provides examples of solutions implemented across the country that have proven outcomes for youth.
• Diversity and the Quality Process: Curriculum Reform in the School and the University
  A brief history and description of Total Quality Management introduces a discussion of a teacher education improvement project at Northeastern Illinois University.
• Multiculturalism and Art Education: Myths, Misconceptions, Misdirections
  The article maintains that multicultural art education theory and practice have been the subjects of debate and curriculum change in the past decade;discusses six myths about multiculturalism and; Concludes that multicultural education is a reconceptualization of who people are and what kind of people they want to be. (CFR).
• Links between Family Life and Minority Student Achievement: Removing the Blinders
  The article contends that a range of theories exists in the social science literature about the effects of family processes on the social and academic success of a family's offspring.
• Diversity Education in Administrator Training: Preparation for the 21st Century
  This article investigates the impact and necessity of multicultural training in administrator-preparation programs, and the extent to which administrators can ensure that teachers honor diversity. The importance of the quality of the administrator's training is emphasized.
• San Antonio School Choice Research Project. Final Report. Corp Author(s): North Texas Univ., Denton. Center for the Study of Education Reform
  The findings of an investigation of both a private and a public school-choice program in San Antonio, Texas, between 1992 and 1996 are evaluated in this report. The private program, sponsored by the Children's Educational Opportunity (CEO) Foundation, provides scholarships to low-income parents to enroll their children in private schools, while the public program, offered by the San Antonio Independent School District, selects students from across the district to study foreign language and culture ("the multicultural program").
• Understanding Factors that Contribute to Disproportionality
  Inequities in the quality of leadership and instruction in inner-city schools exacerbate efforts to reduce the disproportional placement of culturally and linguistically diverse students into special education. Problems relating to the recruitment and retention of highly qualified principals and teachers in inner-city schools must be addressed if the disproportionality issue is to be addressed effectively.
• Project Kaleidoscope, 1996-2000. Final Report: Executive Summary. Corp Author(s): George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA. Helen A. Kellar Inst. for Human disAbilities. Publication: U.S.; Virginia; 2001-01-18 Description: 14 p
  This final report describes the activities and outcomes of Project Kaleidoscope, a grant funded project designed to develop, field test, and disseminate training materials and methods to prepare personnel to better serve culturally, linguistically and developmentally diverse young children and their families.
• Teachers' Perceptions of working conditions: Impact of job design on stress, commitment, and intent to leave
  This report summarizes results of a survey of special educators regarding first, their working conditions related to central office support and, second, the impact of administrative support on their job satisfaction, commitment, and intent to leave. Major findings regarding teacher attitudes toward central office administrators include a perceived administrative distance with a sense of being managed from a distance and a lack of proactive assistance and a perceived dissonance in priorities and values between teachers and central office administrators.
• The Quick Reference Guide to Educational Innovations: Practices, Programs, Policies, and Philosophies
  In their struggle to identify successful solutions for their schools, teachers, administrators, board members, and parents must wade through reams of educational rhetoric and sales hype. This resource is designed to serve a broad audience of practicing teachers, preservice teachers, administrators, resource teachers, college professors, parents, and others who would like to stay abreast of new education programs and innovations.
• Investment in teacher quality pays off
  Reveals that teacher quality is the variable that most influences student achievement in the United States.
• All Kids Count: Including Students with Disabilities in Statewide Assessment Programs
  "All Kids Count is intended as a basic primer on the participation of students with disabilities in statewide assessment systems. Its purpose is to give parents, parent leaders, professional, and other interested parties basic guidelines and points of reference for participating in discussions around policies and practices related to the inclusion of students with disabilities in large-scale assessment programs.
• Racism. IDRA Focus.
  This theme issue includes four articles on racism in colleges and public schools and on strategies to build ethnic and racial tolerance. "Affirmative Action: Not a Thing of the Past" (Linda Cantu) reviews the history of affirmative action and its positive effects on Hispanic and Black enrollment in higher education, discusses current efforts to dismantle affirmative action, and counters claims of reverse discrimination against White males.
• Best Practices for High School Classrooms: What Award-Winning Secondary Teachers Do
  This book provides guidance on high-impact teaching practices, offering first-hand accounts of award-winning teachers.
• Strategic Plan for International Education, Phase I. Exemplary International Programs.
  The document presents the proceedings of a meeting convened to design a strategic plan for international education to be adopted by Pima Community College (PCC) (Arizona). The meeting's main objective was to position the college strategically in the international education marketplace and to define the term "international education" as it pertains to PCC.
• Multicultural Education in Collegiate Family and Consumer Sciences Programs: Developing Cultural Competence
  Responding administrators (204 of 507) in college family and consumer sciences units indicated that more than 50% had multicultural goals and objectives; in the upper division, 80% had multicultural courses. Perceived deterrents were lack of financial resources, preparation time, and time in current courses.
• Inclusive Leadership for Ethnically Diverse Schools: Initiating and Sustaining Dialogue
  This article explores the measures that administrators take, and can take, to promote inclusive practice in racially/ethnically diverse schools. It describes a study that examined how administrators initiate and sustain dialogue with their various school constituencies.
• Coast Community College District: A Five Year Strategic Plan. Exemplary International Programs
  This document outlines a strategic plan to achieve the central goal of promoting a global consciousness in the Coast Community College District (California) that. Central objectives of the plan are as follows: (1) to develop an educational environment which encourages college faculty, staff, and students to attain the global competence necessary for understanding and communicating with other cultures at all levels; and (2) to develop and promote activities that include, but are not limited to, internationalizing the curriculum, international exchanges and collaboration, programs and events to enhance global consciousness on the campus and in the community.
• Teachers' perceptions of administrative support.
  This report summarizes results of a survey of special educators regarding first, their working conditions related to central office support and, second, the impact of administrative support on their job satisfaction, commitment, and intent to leave. Major findings regarding teacher attitudes toward central office administrators include a perceived administrative distance with a sense of being managed from a distance and a lack of proactive assistance and a perceived dissonance in priorities and values between teachers and central office administrators.
• Tracking/Monitoring Program To Enhance Multicultural Student Retention
  The StudentPal program is a student tracking system developed jointly by the Multicultural Affairs program and High Technology Center at Glendale Community College, in Arizona. The program uses computer-assisted tracking to target students and various student characteristics and identify at-risk factors to improve the retention and success of multicultural/minority students.
• Chicano Studies at Metro State College of Denver: Suggestions for Proactive Strategies
  This paper overviews the development and present status of the Chicano Studies Department at Metro State College of Denver (MSCD). At its inception during the 1960s, Chicano Studies were viewed as a means of destroying the racist and imperialist mentality toward Chicanos and promoting Chicano power and freedom.
• Getting Started in Global Education: A Primer for Principals and Teachers
  This primer is intended for teachers and principals to help integrate global education into the school curriculum. The articles offer suggestions and rationale for inclusion of a global approach to the classroom.
• Multicultural Issues in Predoctoral Internship Programs: A National Survey
  Examines the extent to which internship-training directors (ITDs) addressed multicultural issues in their predoctoral training programs. ITDs reported varied levels of attention to specific multicultural issues; ITDs at university counseling centers reported significantly greater attention to multicultural issues than did ITDs at community mental-health centers, state hospitals, medical schools, and private psychiatric hospitals.
• Changing Faces of Reform. Proceedings of the Annual Rural & Small Schools Conference (18th, Manhattan, Kansas, October 27-28, 1996).
  This proceedings contains abstracts of 21 presentations.
• Superintendents' Multicultural Competencies
  Examines the competencies required by superintendents to lead schools in diverse cultural settings. Methodology included interviews with 12 multicultural education experts, participation of 14 "expert" superintendents, and written responses.
• A Framework for Examining School Leadership and Teaching in Varied Organizations and Social Contexts: A Synthesis
  This research examined the overlap of four key domains of schools according to multiple perspectives.
• Racial & Ethnic Diversity in Higher Education. ASHE Reader Series
  This text is a resource on racial and ethnic diversity for faculty and students in higher education. It is organized in sections related to the history of racial and ethnic diversity in higher education, curriculum and teaching, students, faculty, administration, leadership and governance, and research issues.
• Multicultural Strategies for Community Colleges: Expanding Faculty Diversity. ERIC Digest
  This digest explores the community college's mission to increase student attendance and performance by improving faculty diversity. Community colleges are filled with multicultural, diverse students who bring different knowledge and skills to educational institutions.
• Gender Equity. IDRA Focus.
  This newsletter includes five articles on gender equity and related issues in education, with particular reference to the education of Hispanic girls. "IDRA's MIJA Program Expands" (Aurora Yanez-Perez) describes a program for sixth-grade Hispanic girls that promotes awareness of science- and math-related careers, provides training in science and mathematics skills and test-taking techniques, and fosters involvement of parents and local businesses.
• Preparing Administrators to Meet the Challenge of a Multicultural Society
  It describes the preliminary research, developmental process, and midpoint evaluation of Los Angeles Unified School District and Pepperdine University's restructured Educational Leadership Academy for entry-level administrators and other school leaders. The academy's mission is to prepare administrators who are committed to creating and leading schools that work for everyone in our diverse society.
• Multicultural Education and School Leadership
  It is a report of a study of principals' and teachers' perceptions of implementing multicultural education. The results are presented for four areas: (1) a multicultural education plan; (2) limitations and constraints of implementing multicultural education; (3) expectations of administrators' support; and (4) administrators' plans of support.
• What do first-year special education teachers need?
  Analysis of focus groups of beginning special education teachers, teacher mentors, and administrators considers the needs of beginning special education teachers, forms of needed support, content of needed support, and the sense of isolation and need for support. Implications for teacher induction and teacher mentoring programs are drawn, also print and Web resources on mentoring and beginning teachers are identified.
• Violence in Schools: Multiple Realities
  The topic of school violence is becoming an increasingly contentious issue. Claims are made by parents and the media that educators are intentionally downplaying the true nature and extent of the problem.
• Multicultural Education for Learners with Exceptionalities. Advances in Special Education Series, Volume 12
  This volume contains a collection of chapters written by individuals in the fields of general and special education on multicultural education and students with exceptionalities.
• Cultural Proficiency: A Manual for School Leaders
  Developed for work in mental health agencies, cultural proficiency is a relatively new approach to diversity that can be applied in educational and community settings. Cultural proficiency refers to the policies and practices of a school or the behaviors of a person that enable the school or person to interact effectively in a culturally diverse environment.
• What the Russian School Ought to Be Like
  Asserts that Russian society and Russian schools are going through a profound crisis. Maintains that the best approach to solving social and educational problems is to restore and develop national principles and group cohesion.